Table 1 Clinical parameters of COVID-19 patients in according to disease severity.
From: Upregulation of interleukin-19 in saliva of patients with COVID-19
Variables | Healthy controls (n = 20) | COVID-19 patients | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asymptomatic (n = 67) | Mild/moderate (n = 81) | Severe (n = 54) | |||
Age (years, mean, range) | 32 (28–36) | 33 (31–35) | 48 (45–51) | 57 (53–61) | < 0.0001 |
Gender (n, m/f) | 8/12 | 47/20 | 66/15 | 44/9 | < 0.0001 |
BMI (mean, range) | 26 (25–27) | 26 (24–27) | 29 (25–33) | 28 (27–30) | 0.186 |
Salivary flow rate | 0.43 ± 0.13 | 0.42 ± 0.18 | 0.39 ± 0.21 | 0.37 ± 0.19 | 0.342 |
Serum inflammatory markers | |||||
D-dimer (0–0.5 µ mL−1) | – | 0.27 (0.17–1.29) | 0.71 (0.38–1.65) | 4.73 (1.23–10.30) | < 0.0001 |
CRP (1.0–3.0 mg L−1) | – | 1.25 (0.45–19) | 19.2 (3–100.1) | 73.60 (17.3–141.6) | 0.002 |
Ferritin (10–204 ng mL−1) | – | 45.2 (37–75) | 535 (234–1197) | 886 (465.8–1612.4) | < 0.0001 |
Cytokines values | |||||
Plasma IL-19, pg mL−1 | 8.5 (8.2–9.2) | 22.3 (18–32) | 34.5 (26–56) | 61.8 (44–84) | < 0.0001 |
Saliva IL-19, pg mL−1 | 102.1 (96–121) | 533.2 (402–703) | 711.9 (526–827) | 862.3 (690–1054) | < 0.0001 |
Plasma IL-6, pg mL−1 | 50.4 (40–53) | 53.3 (34–74) | 106.4 (67–155) | 239.2 (90–319) | < 0.0001 |
Saliva IL-6, pg mL−1 | 15.4 (10–20) | 20.6 (9–39) | 29.2 (9.8–53) | 147.8 (87–222) | < 0.0001 |
Comorbidity | |||||
DM (n, %) | 1 (1) | 2 (3) | 39 (48) | 27 (54) | < 0.0001 |
COVID-19 supportive medication | |||||
Corticosteroids | 0 | 0 | 25 (30.9) | 48 (90.6) | |
Tocilizumab | 0 | 0 | 10 (12.3) | 23 (43.4) | |
IFN-α/β | 0 | 0 | 22 (27.2) | 24 (45.3) | |
