Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the total sample and the language subsamples.
Total | Dutch | English | Finnish | Italian | Norwegian | Spanish | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of cases | |||||||
N (% of total) | 1776 (100.00) | 586 (33.00) | 213 (11.99) | 212 (11.94) | 261 (14.70) | 248 (13.96) | 256 (14.41) |
Age | |||||||
M (SD) | 49.44 (19.43) | 52.97 (19.04) | 47.90 (16.99) | 47.81 (19.57) | 49.67 (20.69) | 45.97 (19.68) | 47.12 (19.42) |
Mdn (min; max) | 51 (16; 95) | 57 (16; 95) | 51 (16; 85) | 50 (16; 89) | 53 (16; 93) | 48 (16; 89) | 44 (16; 95) |
Gender | |||||||
Female | 621 (34.97) | 226 (38.57) | 69 (32.39) | 86 (40.57) | 83 (31.80) | 80 (32.26) | 77 (30.08) |
Male | 1155 (65.03) | 360 (61.43) | 144 (67.61) | 126 (59.43) | 178 (68.20) | 168 (67.74) | 179 (69.92) |
Living situation | |||||||
Alone | 367 (20.66) | 138 (23.55) | 45 (21.13) | 61 (28.77) | 38 (14.56) | 48 (19.35) | 37 (14.45) |
Not alone | 1409 (79.34) | 448 (76.45) | 168 (78.87) | 151 (71.23) | 223 (85.44) | 200 (80.65) | 219 (85.55) |
Education | |||||||
None/primary | 236 (13.29) | 40 (6.83) | 2 (0.94) | 23 (10.85) | 63 (24.14) | 25 (10.08) | 83 (32.42) |
Secondary | 515 (29.00) | 123 (20.99) | 57 (26.76) | 70 (33.02) | 98 (37.55) | 61 (24.60) | 106 (41.41) |
Post-secondary | 843 (47.47) | 357 (60.92) | 134 (62.91) | 73 (34.43) | 63 (24.14) | 152 (61.29) | 64 (25.00) |
NA | 182 (10.24) | 66 (11.26) | 20 (9.39) | 46 (21.70) | 37 (14.17) | 10 (4.03) | 3 (1.17) |
Pre-TBI employment | |||||||
Full-time | 743 (41.84) | 187 (31.91) | 112 (52.58) | 89 (41.98) | 102 (39.08) | 122 (49.19) | 131 (51.17) |
Part-time | 210 (11.82) | 88 (15.02) | 22 (10.33) | 6 (2.83) | 36 (13.79) | 32 (12.90) | 26 (10.16) |
In training | 168 (9.46) | 50 (8.53) | 11 (5.17) | 30 (14.15) | 27 (10.34) | 34 (13.71) | 16 (6.25) |
Unemployed | 129 (7.26) | 42 (7.17) | 18 (8.45) | 14 (6.60) | 16 (6.13) | 16 (6.45) | 23 (8.98) |
Retired | 411 (23.14) | 174 (29.69) | 36 (16.90) | 51 (24.06) | 56 (21.46) | 39 (15.73) | 55 (21.49) |
NA | 115 (6.48) | 45 (7.68) | 14 (6.57) | 22 (10.38) | 24 (9.20) | 5 (2.02) | 5 (1.95) |
Pre-TBI psychiatric history | |||||||
Yes | 218 (12.28) | 57 (9.73) | 47 (22.06) | 30 (14.15) | 23 (8.81) | 31 (12.50) | 30 (11.72) |
No | 1545 (86.99) | 526 (89.76) | 161 (75.59) | 182 (85.85) | 238 (91.19) | 213 (85.89) | 225 (87.89) |
NA | 13 (0.73) | 3 (0.51) | 5 (2.35) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (1.61) | 1 (0.39) |
TBI cause | |||||||
Incidental fall | 773 (43.52) | 283 (48.30) | 80 (37.56) | 99 (46.70) | 92 (35.25) | 102 (41.13) | 117 (45.70) |
RTA | 745 (41.95) | 232 (39.59) | 101 (47.42) | 68 (32.08) | 132 (50.58) | 103 (41.53) | 109 (42.58) |
Other | 227 (12.78) | 66 (11.26) | 29 (13.61) | 37 (17.45) | 30 (11.49) | 40 (16.13) | 25 (9.77) |
NA | 31 (1.75) | 5 (0.85) | 3 (1.41) | 8 (3.77) | 7 (2.68) | 3 (1.21) | 5 (1.95) |
Clinical care pathways | |||||||
ER | 409 (23.03) | 102 (17.40) | 56 (26.29) | 51 (24.06) | 67 (25.67) | 61 (24.60) | 72 (28.13) |
ADM | 692 (38.96) | 305 (52.05) | 68 (31.93) | 99 (46.70) | 56 (21.46) | 110 (44.35) | 54 (21.09) |
ICU | 675 (38.01) | 179 (30.55) | 89 (41.78) | 62 (29.24) | 138 (52.87) | 77 (31.05) | 130 (50.78) |
Loss of consciousness | |||||||
Yes | 1044 (58.78) | 348 (59.38) | 144 (67.60) | 138 (65.09) | 106 (40.61) | 169 (68.15) | 139 (54.30) |
No | 567 (31.93) | 196 (33.45) | 43 (20.19) | 65 (30.66) | 127 (48.66) | 38 (15.32) | 98 (38.28) |
NA | 165 (9.29) | 42 (7.17) | 26 (12.21) | 9 (4.25) | 28 (10.73) | 41 (16.53) | 19 (7.42) |
TBI severity | |||||||
Uncomplicated mild | 614 (34.57) | 264 (45.05) | 63 (29.58) | 61 (28.77) | 46 (17.62) | 104 (41.94) | 76 (29.69) |
Complicated mild | 536 (30.18) | 193 (32.93) | 54 (25.35) | 57 (26.89) | 54 (20.69) | 81 (32.66) | 97 (37.89) |
Moderate | 127 (7.15) | 41 (7.00) | 11 (5.17) | 16 (7.55) | 31 (11.88) | 16 (6.45) | 12 (4.69) |
Severe | 262 (14.75) | 60 (10.24) | 53 (24.88) | 15 (7.07) | 57 (21.84) | 24 (9.68) | 53 (20.70) |
NA | 237 (13.35) | 28 (4.78) | 32 (15.02) | 63 (29.72) | 73 (27.97) | 23 (9.27) | 18 (7.03) |
GCS at baseline | |||||||
M (SD) | 12.94 (3.69) | 13.46 (3.05) | 11.97 (4.52) | 13.71 (2.72) | 12.04 (4.08) | 13.48 (3.03) | 12.35 (4.53) |
Mdn (min; max) | 15 (3; 15) | 15 (3; 15) | 15 (3; 15) | 15 (3; 15) | 14 (3; 15) | 15 (3; 15) | 15 (3; 15) |
Recovery at 6 months (GOSE) | |||||||
Good recovery | 1159 (65.26) | 398 (67.92) | 114 (53.52) | 158 (74.53) | 156 (59.77) | 157 (63.31) | 176 (68.75) |
Moderate disability | 457 (25.73) | 145 (24.74) | 69 (32.39) | 39 (18.40) | 67 (25.67) | 83 (33.47) | 54 (21.09) |
Severe disability | 159 (8.95) | 43 (7.34) | 29 (13.62) | 15 (7.07) | 38 (14.56) | 8 (3.22) | 26 (10.16) |
NA | 1 (0.06) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.47) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) |
Extracranial injury severity score (ISS) | |||||||
M (SD) | 18.16 (14.76) | 16.79 (12.04) | 21.06 (17.46) | 13.17 (9.92) | 22.33 (17.82) | 17.46 (14.56) | 19.44 (16.38) |
Mdn (min; max) | 13 (1; 75) | 13 (1; 75) | 18 (1; 75) | 9 (1; 50) | 18 (1; 75) | 13 (1; 75) | 16 (1; 75) |
PCL-5 referring to TBI event | |||||||
Yes | 1168 (65.77) | 229 (39.08) | 154 (72.30) | 164 (77.36) | 219 (83.91) | 185 (74.60) | 217 (84.77) |
No | 549 (30.91) | 333 (56.83) | 50 (23.47) | 47 (22.17) | 40 (15.32) | 41 (16.53) | 38 (14.84) |
NA | 59 (3.32) | 24 (4.09) | 9 (4.23) | 1 (0.47) | 2 (0.77) | 22 (8.87) | 1 (0.39) |
PTSD symptoms (PCL-5) | |||||||
M (SD) | 12.12 (13.74) | 10.76 (12.91) | 13.62 (15.08) | 10.22 (11.32) | 15.17 (15.10) | 10.38 (12.24) | 14.16 (15.28) |
Mdn (min; max) | 7 (0; 72) | 6 (0; 72) | 8 (0; 71) | 6 (0; 55) | 10 (0; 65) | 7 (0; 62) | 9 (0; 68) |
Provisional PTSD (PCL-5 ≥ 31) | |||||||
Yes | 190 (10.70) | 48 (8.19) | 28 (13.15) | 15 (7.08) | 45 (17.24) | 19 (7.66) | 35 (13.67) |
No | 1586 (89.30) | 538 (91.81) | 185 (86.85) | 197 (92.92) | 216 (82.76) | 229 (92.34) | 221 (86.33) |
