Table 1 Demographic features and acoustic parameters between mild versus severe dysphagia.

From: Post-stroke respiratory complications using machine learning with voice features from mobile devices

 

Mild dysphagia (Oral feeding) (N = 215)

Tube feeding (Tube feeding) (N = 234)

p value

Age (years)

65.7 ± 13.2

72.2 ± 11.2

< 0.001*

 Male

63.5 ± 13.9

71.4 ± 11.4

< 0.001*

 Female

69.5 ± 11.1

73.4 ± 10.9

0.020*

Gender (Male)

135 (62.8%)

137 (58.5%)

0.411

Weight (kg)

61.3 ± 11.6

57.2 ± 10.8

< 0.001*

PAS

3.7 ± 1.9

7.2 ± 1.2

< 0.001*

Aspiration (Yes)

37 (17.2%)

222 (94.9%)

< 0.001*

FOIS

5.0 ± 1.0

1.7 ± 1.0

< 0.001*

MASA

182.6 ± 13.3

157.2 ± 17.3

< 0.001*

PCF (L/min)

231.7 ± 130.0

115.8 ± 87.8

< 0.001*

MMSE

22.9 ± 6.2

16.5 ± 8.7

< 0.001*

MBI

65.9 ± 29.4

29.8 ± 29.3

< 0.001*

NIHSS

5.3 ± 4.4

10.3 ± 5.1

< 0.001*

BBS

35.4 ± 20.1

15.2 ± 18.8

< 0.001*

F0 (Hz)

199.9 ± 58.8

206.0 ± 73.4

0.324

 Male

183.7 ± 57.2

185.9 ± 67.7

 

 Female

227.1 ± 51.2

234.6 ± 71.9

 

F0_SD (Hz)

5.0 ± 11.1

7.2 ± 12.5

0.051

HNR (dB)

16.45 ± 4.91

13.46 ± 5.36

< 0.001*

LocalJitter (%)

1.21 ± 0.98

2.03 ± 1.49

< 0.001*

LocalAbsoluteJitter (μs)

64.42 ± 55.12

112.64 ± 96.42

< 0.001*

RAP (%)

0.60 ± 0.52

1.05 ± 0.86

< 0.001*

PPQ5Jitter (%)

0.68 ± 0.60

1.18 ± 0.99

< 0.001*

DdpJitter (%)

1.80 ± 1.56

3.16 ± 2.59

< 0.001*

LocalShimmer (%)

6.71 ± 4.08

9.74 ± 5.47

< 0.001*

LocaldbShimmer

0.65 ± 0.34

0.91 ± 0.44

< 0.001*

APQ3Shimmer (%)

3.30 ± 2.02

5.04 ± 3.21

< 0.001*

APQ5Shimmer (%)

4.12 ± 3.05

6.12 ± 3.81

< 0.001*

APQ11Shimmer (%)

5.63 ± 4.83

8.05 ± 5.50

< 0.001*

DdaShimmer (%)

9.91 ± 6.07

15.14 ± 9.62

< 0.001*

CPP

23.36 ± 0.18

24.09 ± 0.15

< 0.001*

  1. Values are presented in mean ± standard deviation (SD) or number (%).
  2. *p < 0.05 is used for statistical significance.
  3. PAS penetration-aspiration scale, FOIS functional oral intake scale, MASA mann assessment of swallowing ability, PCF peak cough flow, MMSE mini-mental state examination, MBI modified barthel index, NIHSS national institutes of health stroke scale, BBS berg balance scale, F0 fundamental frequency, HNR harmonic to noise ratio, RAP relative average perturbation, PPQ period perturbation quotient, APQ amplitude perturbation quotient, CPP cepstral peak prominence.
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