Table 2 Factors associated with positive IGRA results.

	Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR^a (95% CI)	P value
Age, per 1-year increase	1.04 (1.03–1.05)	< 0.001	1.04 (1.02–1.05)	< 0.001
Male sex	0.48 (0.33–0.70)	< 0.001	0.94 (0.61–1.45)	0.780
Risk group for HIV transmission
Men who have sex with men	0.38 (0.31–0.46)	< 0.001	Reference
Heterosexuals	1.88 (1.37–2.56)	< 0.001	1.45 (0.98–2.13)	0.063
Illicit drug users	2.75 (2.18–3.47)	< 0.001	2.11 (1.49–3.00)	< 0.001
Others or unknown	1.16 (0.61–2.22)	0.649
History of incarceration	1.63 (1.15–2.30)	0.006	0.96 (0.63–1.45)	0.842
HBsAg positivity	1.17 (0.85–1.60)	0.332
Anti-HCV positivity	2.05 (1.65–2.56)	< 0.001	1.25 (0.93–1.68)	0.139
Cardiovascular disease	1.00 (0.67–1.51)	0.984
Cerebrovascular disease	2.23 (0.28–17.90)	0.449
Diabetes mellitus	1.26 (0.75–2.12)	0.378
Chronic kidney disease^b	1.32 (0.31–5.58)	0.703
Receiving dialysis	3.57 (0.42–30.66)	0.245
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma	1.12 (0.15–8.43)	0.916
Malignancy	2.75 (0.62–12.24)	0.183
Autoimmune disease	1.98 (0.25–15.70)	0.516
Receiving immunosuppressive therapy^c	3.98 (0.86–18.47)	0.078
CD4 count at screening, per 10-cell/mm³ increase	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	0.006	1.01 (1.00–1.01)	< 0.001
PVL at screening, per 1-log₁₀ copies/mL increase	0.89 (0.78–1.02)	0.098

CI Confidence interval, HBsAg Hepatitis B surface antigen, HCV Hepatitis C virus, IGRA Interferon-gamma release assay, OR Odds ratio, PLWH People living with HIV, PVL Plasma HIV RNA load.
^aThe ORs are the estimates of the effect of covariates on IGRA positivity, adjusted for age, sex, transmission routes, history of incarceration, anti-HCV positivity, and CD4 count at screening using logistic regression analysis.
^bChronic kidney disease was defined as reduced glomerular filtration rate or kidney damage (< 60 ml/min/1.73 m² of body-surface area) for more than 3 months.
^cImmunosuppressive therapy included chemotherapy, corticosteroids, and biologic agents.

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