Table 2 Thermo-physical attributes of base fluid and nanoparticles45,46.
Properties | With aggregation | Without aggregation |
|---|---|---|
viscosity \((\mu )\) | \(\frac{\mu _{n_f}}{\mu _{f}}={(1-\frac{\Phi _{ag}}{\Phi _{m}})^{2.5\Phi _m}}\) | \(\frac{\mu _{n_f}}{\mu _{f}}=\frac{1}{(1-\Phi )^{2.5}}\) |
density \((\rho )\) | \(\rho _{n_f}=\rho _f(1-\Phi _{ag})+\Phi _{ag}\rho _s\) | \(\rho _{n_f}=\rho _f(1-\Phi )+\Phi \rho _s\) |
Heat capacity\((\rho C_p)\) | \((\rho C_p)_{nf}=(\rho C_p)_f(1-\Phi _{ag})+\Phi _{ag}\frac{(\rho C_p)_s}{(\rho C_p)_f}\) | \((\rho C_p)_{nf}=(\rho C_p)_f(1-\Phi )+\Phi \frac{(\rho C_p)_s}{(\rho C_p)_f}\) |
Thermal conductivity(\(\kappa\)) | \(\frac{k_{n_f}}{k_f}=\frac{k_{ag}+2k_f-2\Phi _{ag}(k_f-k_{ag})}{k_{ag}+2k_f + \Phi _{ag}(k_f-k_{ag})}\) | \(\frac{k_{n_f}}{k_f}=\frac{k_s+2k_f-2\Phi (k_f-k_s)}{k_s+2k_f + \Phi (k_f-k_s)}\) |
