Table 3 Molar ratios of elements identified by SEM–EDS spectroscopy for areas with archaeological residue (bitumen) and fresh areas (without the residue) on samples 1–5.

From: Functional characterization of Mousterian tools from the Caucasus using comprehensive use-wear and residue analysis

Sample 1

C

0.1670

0.0915

0.3685

0.0856

0.0963

0.4618

O

0.5920

0.2660

0.3416

0.6539

0.6815

0.2401

Si

0.2342

0.1716

0.1407

0.2502

0.1008

0.0369

C/Si

0.71

0.53

2.62

0.34

0.96

12.50

Si/O

0.40

0.65

0.41

0.38

0.15

0.15

Sample 2

C

0.2490

0.1811

0.7889

0.6534

  

O

0.4804

0.4142

0.1862

0.3376

  

Si

0,0945

0,1940

0,0142

0,0405

  

C/Si

2.63

0.93

55.52

16.15

  

Si/O

0.20

0.47

0.08

0.12

  

Sample 3

C

0.2085

0.5572

0.1440

0.2053

0.4126

0.4370

O

0.5585

0.3277

0.6252

0.5131

0.3224

0.2816

Si

0.2330

0.1113

0.2241

0.0880

0.1215

0.0237

C/Si

0.89

5.01

0.64

2.33

3.39

18.41

Si/O

0.42

0.34

0.36

0.17

0.38

0.08

Sample 4

C

0.2019

0.1372

0.4178

0.2144

0.1993

0.3195

O

0.5721

0.6227

0.2742

0.5628

0.5798

0.4582

Si

0.2115

0.2253

0.0867

0.1050

0.1025

0.0199

C/Si

0.95

0.61

4.82

2.04

1.94

16.04

Si/O

0.37

0.36

0.32

0.19

0.18

0.04

Sample 5

C

0.1694

0.1955

0.5404

   

O

0.6408

0.5928

0.3958

   

Si

0.1705

0.1020

0.0381

   

C/Si

0.99

1.92

14.17

   

Si/O

0.27

0.17

0.10

   
  1. Areas with bitumen residue are in bold.
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