Table 1 Performance comparison of the power generation device with other mechanical energy harvesting devices regarding principle, material (only for the “water pressure driven” generation principle), structure, power, voltage, current, energy efficiency and duration (“n/r” denotes “not reported”).

Electro-magnetic

⁶

–

5.0 W

n/r

n/r

8%

 < 1 s

Piezo-electric

⁸

–

8.3 mW

4.5 V

1.8 mA

0.03%

 < 0.1 s

Electro-static

¹⁴

–

5.0 μW

2.0 V

2.5 μA

70%

 < 0.01 s

Water pressure driven

¹⁵

Silicon (glass coated)

0.55 μW

0.70 V

0.75 μA

2%

n/r

¹⁶

Metal–carbon composit

5.6 pW

0.70 mV

80 nA

n/r

 > 1 min

¹⁷

Wood

3.0 μW

0.30 V

10 μA

n/r

 > 1 day

¹⁸

Glass (shallow channel)

0.24 nW

1.8 V

0.14 nA

1%

n/r

¹⁹

0.20 pW

17 mV

12 pA

5%

n/r

²⁰

Glass (parallel channels)

0.20 μW

0.10 V

2.0 μA

0.04%

n/r

²¹

36 pW

1.8 V

20 pA

n/r

 > 10 min

²²

Glass (porous)

20 nW

22 mV

0.92 μW

0.3%

n/r

This study

4.8 mW

18 V

0.26 mA

0.02%

1.7 s