Figure 3 | Scientific Reports

Figure 3

From: Extracranial arteriovenous malformations demonstrate dysregulated TGF-β/BMP signaling and increased circulating TGF-β1

Figure 3

TGF-β1 protein is elevated in AVM perivascular smooth muscle cells and in the circulation of AVM patients. Paraffin-embedded slides prepared from tissue from 2 AVM patients (a,c,e,g) and 2 non-AVM patients (b,d,f,h) were stained for TGF-β1 protein and photographed under low- and high-power magnification. (i) Serum was isolated from blood samples collected from 14 AVM patients and 8 patients without AVMs, and ELISA was performed to determine the total levels of circulating TGF-β1. Error bars represent standard deviation. Paired t tests were performed to determine statistical significance (asterisks: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).

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