Table 1 Sociodemographic data, smoking status of the mother prior and during pregnancy (first trimester and beyond), anthropometric data from parents and children (at birth and at 11 years of age) and blood pressure at 11 years.
From: Effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on child blood pressure in a European cohort
N (%) /mean (SD) | |
|---|---|
Total | 572 |
Data at recruitment | |
Country | |
Spain | 177 (30.9%) |
Italy | 145 (25.3%) |
Poland | 94 (16.4%) |
Germany | 80 (14.0%) |
Belgium | 76 (13.3%) |
Mother’s education levela | |
No/low | 95 (16.6%) |
Middle | 293 (51.2%) |
High | 182 (31.8%) |
Single mother (yes) | 22 (3.9%) |
Mother's age at child's birth (years) | 31.3 (4.6) |
Mother's BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 23.4 (4.2) |
Father's BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 26.2 (3.6) |
Alcohol during pregnancy (yes) | 129 (22.6%) |
Mother smoking | |
Prior pregnancy | 176 (30.8%) |
Up to pregnancy confirmation | 154 (26.9%) |
Up to 12th week | 108 (18.9%) |
Beyond 12th week | 88 (15.4%) |
Any during pregnancy | 114 (19.8%) |
Number of cigarettesb | 1078 (1988) |
Sex (male) | 274 (47.9%) |
Gestational age (weeks) | 39.8 (1.2) |
Caesarean section (yes) | 130 (22.8%) |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.28 (0.34) |
Birth length (cm) | 50.6 (2.5) |
Ponderal index at birth (kg/m3) | 2.55 (0.29) |
Feeding type | |
Formula fed | 378 (66.2%) |
Low protein | 193 (33.8%) |
High protein | 185 (32.3%) |
Breastfed | 193 (33.8%) |
Data at 11 years of age | |
Child BMI category (WHO 2007) | |
Underweight | 13 (2.3%) |
Normal | 370 (64.7%) |
Overweight | 124 (21.7%) |
Obese | 64 (11.2%) |
Height (cm) | 147 (126–171) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 108 (83–144) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 59 (36–85) |
Blood pressure (category)c | |
Normal | 419 (73.2%) |
Elevated blood pressure | 57 (10.0%) |
Stage 1 hypertension | 84 (14.7%) |
Stage 2 hypertension | 12 (2.1%) |
