Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Cation hydration by confined water and framework-atoms have crucial role on thermodynamics of clay swelling

Figure 4

(a) Schematics illustrating the various ion hydration complexes observed. Inner sphere complex (ISC) where cation forms hydration shell with both surface oxygen and water molecules. \(\hbox {ISC}_1\) is closer to the surface as compare to \(\hbox {ISC}_2\). Outer sphere complex (OSC) where cation is located one water diameter away from surface and interact with the surface via a hydration water molecule. Diffuse ion complexes which does not interact with surface neither directly nor via hydration water. (b) Representative configuration of water molecules observed in confined mica pore having various orientations. \(\theta _D\) and \(\theta _{HH}\) are the angles formed by surface normal (\(e_z\)) with dipole and HH vectors, respectively.

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