Table 3 Univariate analysis of the baseline characteristics of the nonsurvivor group compared to the survivor group during follow-up.

From: Incidence, risk factors and prognosis of acute kidney injury in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a retrospective study

Variable

Cohort

Nonsurvivor

Survivor

P value

n

1048

690

358

 

Age (years)

58.23 ± 10.93

58.66 ± 11.12

57.41 ± 10.52

0.08

Male, n (%)

728 (69.5)

472 (68.4)

256 (71.5)

0.335

BMI (kg/m2)

23.01 ± 3.49

22.62 ± 3.54

23.77 ± 3.26

 < 0.001

Baseline creatinine (μmol/L)

70.96 ± 23.46

69.43 ± 24.48

73.90 ± 21.10

0.003

Baseline eGFR (mL/min•1.73m2)

94.25 ± 19.28

95.17 ± 19.82

92.48 ± 18.08

0.033

Baseline Alb, n (%)

   

 < 0.01

 < 30 g/L

46(4.4)

42(6.1)

4(1.1)

 

≥30 g/L

1002(95.6)

648(93.9)

354(98.9)

 

Malignancy, n (%)

   

0.064

Digestive system

462 (44.1)

318 (46.1)

144 (40.2)

 

Urogenital tract

94 (9.0)

53 (7.7)

41 (11.5)

 

Lung

382 (36.5)

253 (36.7)

129 (36.0)

 

Other

110 (10.5)

66 (9.6)

44 (12.3)

 

Comorbidities, n (%)

Cerebrovascular disease

36 (3.4)

22 (3.2)

14 (3.9)

0.667

CHD

83 (7.9)

51 (7.4)

32 (8.9)

0.448

Diabetes

186 (17.7)

122 (17.7)

64 (17.9)

1

Hypertension

298 (28.4)

191 (27.7)

107 (29.9)

0.497

Anemia

639 (61.0)

485 (70.3)

154 (43.0)

 < 0.001

Liver disease

157 (15.0)

95 (13.8)

62 (17.3)

0.151

Concomitant medications, n (%)

ACEI/ARB

141 (13.5)

71 (10.3)

70 (19.6)

 < 0.001

PPI

697 (66.5)

473 (68.6)

224 (62.6)

0.061

Diuretics

206 (19.7)

166 (24.1)

40 (11.2)

 < 0.001

NSAIDs

412 (39.3)

312 (45.2)

100 (27.9)

 < 0.001

Antibiotics

26 (2.5)

22 (3.2)

4 (1.1)

0.067

Chemotherapy

240 (22.9)

145 (21.0)

95 (26.5)

0.052

Immunotherapy, n (%)

Ipilimumab

27 (2.6)

19 (2.8)

8 (2.2)

0.766

Nivolumab

364 (34.7)

274 (39.7)

90 (25.1)

 < 0.001

Pembrolizumab

329 (31.4)

213 (30.9)

116 (32.4)

0.662

Durvalumab

7 (0.7)

4 (0.6)

3 (0.8)

0.931

Toripalimab

120 (11.5)

54 (7.8)

66 (18.4)

 < 0.001

Sintilimab

241 (23.0)

148 (21.4)

93 (26.0)

0.115

Camrelizumab

12 (1.1)

8 (1.2)

4 (1.1)

1

Atezolizumab

23 (2.2)

15 (2.2)

8 (2.2)

1

ICIs class, n (%)

Anti-PD-1

1015 (96.9)

670 (97.1)

345 (96.4)

0.647

Anti-PD-L1

30 (2.9)

19 (2.8)

11 (3.1)

0.922

Anti-CTLA-4

27 (2.6)

19 (2.8)

8 (2.2)

0.766

Combined immunotherapy

23 (2.2)

17 (2.5)

6 (1.7)

0.546

AKI, n (%)

88 (8.4)

82 (11.9)

6 (1.7)

 < 0.001

  1. ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, AKI acute kidney injury, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CHD coronary heart disease, NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PPI proton pump inhibitor, CTLA-4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4, PD-1 programmed cell death 1, PD-L1 programmed death-ligand 1, BMI, body mass index, Alb albumin.
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