Table 3 Univariate Cox regression analysis of the associations of clinical factors with tumor progression-free survival.

From: The clinical and pathological features of low-grade epilepsy-associated glioneuronal tumors

Variable

B

HR (95.0% CI)

P value

CD34 expression

3.38

29.51 (0.01–57.54)

0.426

BRAFV600E mutation

4.02

55.62 (0.1–108.46)

0.626

Patient gender (female vs. male)

 − 1.25

0.29 (0.03–2.45)

0.253

Patient population (adult vs. children)

0.48

1.62 (0.30–8.86)

0.578

Age at surgery, in years

0.02

1.02 (0.96–1.08)

0.563

Age of seizure onset, in years

0.04

1.04 (0.97–1.11)

0.292

Duration of epilepsy, in months

 − 0.01

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

0.473

Drug-resistant epilepsy

 − 2.04

0.13 (0.02–0.72)

0.030b

Seizure type (generalized vs. focal)

 − 0.88

0.42 (0.05–3.55)

0.422

Seizure aura

 − 1.68

0.19 (0.02–1.60)

0.126

History of GTCS

 − 2.08

0.12 (0.01–1.07)

0.035b

History of SE

 − 3.04

0.05 (0.01–0.10)

0.789

Seizure frequency (monthly vs. non-monthly)

 − 0.55

0.57 (0.07–4.94)

0.614

Interictal EEG findings (discordant vs. concordant)

1.29

3.64 (0.51–25.89)

0.196

Interictal EEG findings (unknown vs. concordant)a

2.08

8.01 (1.12–57.51)

0.039b

Ictal EEG findings (discordant vs. concordant)

0.73

2.07 (0.29–14.70)

0.468

Ictal EEG findings (unknown vs. concordant)a

0.48

1.61 (0.23–11.49)

0.632

Tumor type (GG vs. DNT)

0.06

1.06 (0.12–9.06)

0.960

Tumor size, in millimeter

0.08

1.08 (1.00–1.17)

0.059

Tumor side (left vs. right)

0.05

1.05 (0.21–5.21)

0.952

Temporal invasion (temporal vs. non-temporal)

0.74

2.1 (0.25–17.98)

0.498

Tumor calcification

0.31

1.36 (0.25–7.44)

0.726

Tumor encystation

1.09

2.97 (0.54–16.48)

0.212

Ki67 index (2–5% vs. ≤ 1%)

0.92

2.5 (0.58–10.82)

0.220

Tumor-associated FCD

 − 1.02

0.36 (0.04–3.11)

0.353

Concomitant HS

 − 3.09

0.05 (0.01–0.10)

0.689

Resection extent (extensive tumor resection vs. simple tumor resection)

0.09

1.10 (0.47–2.57)

0.833

Hospitalization time, in days

 − 0.05

0.95 (0.86–1.06)

0.358

New neurological deficit

 − 0.12

0.88 (0.16–4.87)

0.888

Seizure outcome (unfavorable vs. favorable)

0.17

1.18 (0.14–10.17)

0.878

Follow-up time, in months

0.01

1.01 (0.98–1.04)

0.422

  1. GTCS generalized tonic–clonic seizure, SE status epilepticus, EEG electroencephalogram, GG ganglioglioma, DNT dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, FCD focal cortical dysplasia, HS hippocampus sclerosis, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.
  2. aPatients with unknown results in lateral concordant EEG findings of interictal epileptiform discharges and of ictal seizure rhythms were those with no IEDs or normal EEG findings and those with no ictus during video EEG monitoring.
  3. bP < 0.05, with significance.
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