Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between participants with and without incident visual impairment over 6 years.
From: Dementia and risk of visual impairment in Chinese older adults
Baseline characteristics | Total study sample | Incident visual impairment | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 10,806 | No (n = 7655) | Yes (n = 3151) | ||
Dementia, n (%) | 194 (1.8) | 122 (1.6) | 72 (2.3) | 0.01 |
Visual acuity in LogMAR, mean (SD) | 0.37 (0.08) | 0.36 (0.09) | 0.39 (0.05) | < 0.001 |
Cataract, n (%) | 6170 (57.1) | 4174 (54.5) | 1996 (63.3) | < 0.001 |
Glaucoma, n (%) | 326 (3.0) | 213 (2.8) | 113 (3.6) | 0.03 |
Age, mean (SD) | 73.6 (4.5) | 73.3 (4.4) | 74.4 (4.5) | < 0.001 |
Female, n (%) | 6556 (60.7) | 4545 (59.4) | 2011 (63.8) | < 0.001 |
No schooling received, n (%) | 2420 (22.4) | 1556 (20.3) | 864 (27.4) | < 0.001 |
On social welfare, n (%) | 1246 (11.5) | 876 (11.4) | 370 (11.7) | 0.66 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 1592 (14.7) | 1106 (14.4) | 486 (15.4) | 0.19 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 6856 (63.4) | 4851 (63.4) | 2005 (63.6) | 0.80 |
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 4579 (42.4) | 3255 (42.5) | 1324 (42.0) | 0.63 |
Heart diseases, n (%) | 1193 (11.0) | 863 (11.3) | 330 (10.5) | 0.23 |
Stroke, n (%) | 322 (3.0) | 229 (3.0) | 93 (3.0) | 0.91 |
Parkinson’s disease, n (%) | 46 (0.4) | 34 (0.4) | 12 (0.4) | 0.65 |
Depression, n (%) | 404 (3.7) | 269 (3.5) | 135 (4.3) | 0.06 |
Hearing impairment, n (%) | 2280 (21.1) | 1582 (20.7) | 698 (22.2) | 0.09 |
Physical impairment, n (%) | 655 (6.1) | 431 (5.6) | 224 (7.1) | 0.003 |
Physical exercises, n (%) | 5412 (53.4) | 3905 (54.5) | 1507 (50.8) | 0.001 |
Intellectual activities, n (%) | 7562 (70.0) | 5429 (70.9) | 2133 (67.7) | 0.001 |
Social activities, n (%) | 8256 (76.4) | 5849 (76.4) | 2407 (76.4) | 0.98 |
Adequate fruit and vegetable intake, n (%) | 5374 (49.7) | 3814 (49.8) | 1560 (49.5) | 0.78 |
Smoking, n (%) | 550 (5.1) | 396 (5.2) | 154 (4.9) | 0.54 |
