Table 2 Follow-up parameters at 6-month time-point.

From: Cardiopulmonary work up of patients with and without fatigue 6 months after COVID-19

 

Total (n = 60)

Fatigue (n = 17)

No fatigue (n = 43)

p value

Height [cm]

173 [166–178]

165 [158–176]

174 [168–179]

0.12

Weight [kg]

86 [79–98]

90 [70–102]

85 [80–96]

0.73

BMI [kg/m2]

29 [26–31]

29 [25–41]

29 [26–31]

0.51

Respiratory rate [bpm]

17 [16–20]

17 [16–20]

17 [16–19]

0.35

Oxygen saturation [%]

98 [97–98]

97 [96–98]

98 [97–99]

0.79

Oxygen flow [l/min]

0 [0–0]

0 [0–0]

0 [0–0]

0.59

Temperature [°C]

37 [36, 37]

37 [36, 37]

37 [36, 37]

0.87

BPsys [mmHg]

136 [125–150]

135 [118–142]

140 [125–150]

0.39

BPdia [mmHg]

92 [80–100]

89 [77–97]

92 [82–102]

0.52

Heart rate [bpm]

80 [69–90]

80 [73–80]

78 [66–91]

0.28

Frailty Score

3 [2–5]

3 [3–6]

3 [2, 3]

0.02

Laboratory findings

D-dimer [ng/ml]

356 [268–544]

425 [268–544]

313 [241–489]

0.96

LDH [U/l]

201 [180–236]

208 [189–236]

192 [174–230]

0.59

CK [U/l]

88 [71–123]

87 [80–98]

86 [65–142]

0.01

CKMB [U/l]

2.8 [1.9–3]

2.4 [1.7–2.9]

2.9 [1.9–3.1]

0.84

hs-Troponin T [pg/ml]

8.5 [6–15]

6 [4–14]

9 [6–15]

0.23

NTproBNP [pg/ml]

90 [29–258]

77.6 [31–203]

84.8 [25–297]

0.05

Creatinine [mg/dl]

1 [0.8–1.1]

1 [0.8–1.1]

1 [0.8–1.1]

0.74

CRP [mg/l]

1.9 [1–4, 7]

2.6 [1, 6, 7]

1.6 [0.9–2.8]

0.04

PCT [ng/ml]

0.1 [0–0.1]

0.1 [0–0.1]

0.1 [0–0.1]

0.99

Ferritin [ng/ml]

156 [60–310]

168.3 [54–360]

146.5 [60–279]

0.43

Symptoms

Fatigue

17 (28)

17 (100)

0 (0)

< 0.001

Dyspnea

15 (25)

8 (47)

7 (16)

0.02

Cough

8 (13)

4 (24)

4 (9)

0.20

Headache

16 (27)

10 (59)

6 (14)

 < 0.001

Myalgia

11 (18)

7 (41)

4 (9)

0.007

Rhinorrhea

6 (10)

3 (18)

3 (7)

0.33

Chest pain

8 (13)

6 (35)

2 (5)

0.004

Cognitive disorders

3 (5)

3 (18)

0 (0)

0.01

Loss of taste

5 (8)

3 (18)

2 (5)

0.13

Loss of smell

6 (10)

1 (6)

5 (12)

0.66

Sore throat

5 (8)

5 (29)

0 (0)

0.001

Nausea

4 (7)

4 (24)

0 (0)

0.004

Emesis

3 (5)

3 (18)

0 (0)

0.01

Questionnaires at follow up

PHQ-9

5 [2–8]

11 [7–16]

3 [1–6]

< 0.001

GAD-7

3 [0–7, 25]

8 [6–14]

1 [0–4]

< 0.001

SGRQ

 Symptoms Score

17.6 [3–43]

45.4 [2–64]

8.7 [0–22]

< 0.001

 Activity Score

41.2 [3–77]

79.8 [1, 7–86]

9.4 [0–47]

< 0.001

 Impacts Score

5.2 [0–29]

31.3 [7–44]

0 [0–5]

0.001

 Total Score

13.1 [1, 6–45]

50.2 [1–63]

3.9 [0, 3–12]

0.002

EQ-5D-5L

 Mobility/Walking score

1 (1–3)

2 (1–4)

1 (1–2)

0.001

 Self-Care score

1 (1–2)

1.5 (1–3)

1 (1–1)

0.13

 Usual Activities score

1 (1–3)

3 (2–3)

1 (1–1)

< 0.001

 Pain/Discomfort score

2 (1–3)

2.5 (2–4)

1 (1–2)

0.01

 Anxiety/Depression score

1 (1–2)

1 (1–2.3)

1 (1–1)

0.13

6MWT

Distance, m

443 [359–521]

390 [290–440]

470 [363–525]

0.31

SpO2 before exercise, %

97 [95–98]

96 [95–98]

97 [95–98]

0.45

SpO2 after exercise, %

97 [95–98]

97 [95–98]

97 [95–98]

0.16

HR before exercise, bpm

78 [67–90]

73 [67–77]

80 [69–91]

0.34

HR after exercise, bpm

90 [80–107]

89 [73–108]

91 [82–106]

0.94

Dyspnea on Borg scale before exercise

0 [0–2]

2 [0–3]

0 [0–1]

0.01

Dyspnea on Borg scale after exercise

2 [0–3]

3 [0–5]

1 [0–3]

0.05

Fatigue on Borg scale before exercise

0 [0–2]

2 [0–4]

0 [0–1]

0.06

Fatigue on Borg scale after exercise

2 [0–3]

4 [2–6]

2 [0–3]

0.02

Pulmonary function tests

TLC [%]

98 [85–107]

101 [9–115]

98 [85–105]

0.33

VC [%]

94 [81–103]

96 [81–102]

93 [78–103]

0.14

FVC [%]

93 [80–104]

96 [83–105]

92 [76–101]

0.15

RV [%]

111 [96–134]

123 [89–146]

105 [97–126]

0.47

RV/TLC [%]

109 [97–121]

117 [100–128]

108 [96–118]

0.17

FEV1 [%]

95 [81–106]

86 [67–95]

97 [84–110]

0.03

FEV1/FVC [%]

81 [77–86]

78 [72–81]

84 [78–88]

0.002

Reff [%]

91 [68–114]

100 [87–122]

85 [66–104]

0.16

DLCO [%]

69 [55–77]

63 [45–71]

69 [55–78]

0.38

DLCO/VA [%]

84 [75–95]

78 [68–83]

86 [77–97]

0.18

PaO2 [mmHg]

73 [65–83]

66 [58–78]

76 [66–84]

0.12

PaCO2 [mmHg]

38 [34–39]

38 [32–40]

37 [34–39]

0.52

pH

7.4 [4–7]

7.42 [7.41–7.5]

7.4 [4–7]

0.87

Base excess [mmol/l]

0.6 [− 0.4–1.3]

0.7 [0.15–1.3]

0.4 [− 0.8–1.2]

0.29

Echocardiography

LVEF—global normal

49 (82)

15 (88)

34 (79)

0.70

LVEF [%]

52 [45–52]

49 [47–50]

52 [46–53]

0.75

RVEF global normal

53 (88)

15 (88)

38 (88)

> 0.99

TAPSE

21 [18–23]

22 [20–23]

20 [18–23]

0.27

RVSP + CVP [mmHg]

26 [24–32]

28 [25–30]

26 [23–32]

0.84

GLS > − 16, n (%)

41 (68)

9 (53)

32 (74)

0.09

GLS [%]

− 15 [− 18–14]

− 17 [− 20–15]

− 15 [− 18–14]

0.34

  1. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, number of patients (percentage) or median [interquartile range].
  2. BMI, body-mass-index; BP, blood pressure; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CK, creatine kinase; hs-Troponin T, high sensitive troponin-T; NTproBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; CRP, C-reactive protein; PCT, Procalcitonin; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7; SGRQ, St. Georges’s Respiratory Questionnaire; EQ-5D-5L, Euro Quality of Life-Five Dimensions-Five Levels; 6MWT, six- minute walk test; HR, heart rate; TLC, total lung capacity; VC, vital capacity; RV, residual volume; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1s; FVC, forced vital capacity; Reff, effective specific resistance; DLco, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; VA, alveolar volume; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen; PaCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; RVEF, right ventricular ejection fraction; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; CVP, central venous pressure; GLS, global longitudinal strain.
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