Figure 1

Impaired mechanical nociception and larval movement in ppk19 mutant larvae. (A) Phylogenetic tree of the Ppk family. Ppk19 and Ppk30 are marked with dots. (B) MI and MB elements inserted into the second exon of the ppk19 gene. + 1 denotes the translation start site. The coding sequence and introns are respectively depicted in black and white. (C) Aversive larval rolling against 45 mN force on larval skin; rolling within two s was counted as response. n > 45 for each genotype. (D) Body turns > 40° were counted over a five-minute interval. n > 15 for each genotype. Error bars indicate ± SEM of more than three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test used to test for significant differences. ** and *** indicates p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively.