Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to DKD stage.

From: Impact of albuminuria on the various causes of death in diabetic patients: a nationwide population-based study

 

aNo DKD (n = 880,927)

bDKD stage 1 (n = 51,406)

cDKD stage 2 (n = 1,384,982)

dDKD stage 3 (n = 257,638)

eDKD stage 4 (n = 39,709)

P value

Age (years)

53.18 ± 11.49

53.4 ± 11.06

58.31 ± 12.12

67.2 ± 9.98

57.63 ± 13.16

 < 0.0001

 20–29

22,776 (2.59)

999 (1.94)

11,910 (0.86)

301 (0.12)

679 (1.71)

 30–39

82,082 (9.32)

3889 (7.57)

74,648 (5.39)

1564 (0.61)

2927 (7.37)

 40–49

197,603 (22.43)

12,415 (24.15)

247,485 (17.87)

13,256 (5.15)

6926 (17.44)

 50–59

311,760 (35.39)

18,812 (36.59)

382,098 (27.59)

30,519 (11.85)

11,443 (28.82)

 60–69

194,836 (22.12)

11,227 (21.84)

382,166 (27.59)

94,576 (36.71)

9164 (23.08)

  ≥ 70

71,870 (8.16)

4064 (7.91)

286,675 (20.70)

117,422 (45.58)

8570 (21.58)

Sex

 < 0.0001

 Male

562,581 (63.86)

36,051 (70.13)

843,752 (60.92)

110,849 (43.03)

25,582 (64.42)

 Female

318,346 (36.14)

15,355 (29.87)

541,230 (39.08)

146,789 (56.97)

14,127 (35.58)

BMI (kg/m2)

24.96 ± 3.51

25.54 ± 3.98

25.13 ± 3.81

25.12 ± 3.42

24.82 ± 3.37

 < 0.0001

  < 18.5

16,790 (1.91)

1,182 (2.30)

19,663 (1.42)

4417 (1.71)

704 (1.77)

 18.5 ≤  < 23

235,062 (26.68)

11,846 (23.04)

330,474 (23.86)

61,445 (23.85)

10,883 (27.41)

 23 ≤  < 25

215,368 (24.45)

11,082 (21.56)

346,881 (25.05)

63,275 (24.56)

10,175 (25.62)

 25 ≤  < 30

344,002 (39.05)

21,002 (40.86)

583,652 (42.14)

108,572 (42.14)

15,248 (38.40)

  ≥ 30

69,705 (7.91)

6294 (12.24)

104,312 (7.53)

19,929 (7.74)

2699 (6.80)

Smoking history

 < 0.0001

 Never smoker

447,417 (50.79)

22,913 (44.57)

770,372 (55.62)

182,650 (70.89)

21,030 (52.96)

 Ex-smoker

155,334 (17.63)

9674 (18.82)

268,535 (19.39)

40,583 (15.75)

9028 (22.74)

 Current smoker

278,176 (31.58)

18,819 (36.61)

346,075 (24.99)

34,405 (13.35)

9651 (24.30)

Alcohol consumption

 < 0.0001

 Non-drinker

442,747 (50.26)

23,729 (46.16)

800,702 (57.81)

198,263 (76.95)

23,052 (58.05)

 Mild drinker

326,402 (37.05)

18,628 (36.24)

452,929 (32.70)

48,528 (18.84)

13,422 (33.80)

 Heavy drinker

111,778 (12.69)

9049 (17.60)

131,351 (9.48)

10,847 (4.21)

3235 (8.15)

 Regular physical activity

176,918 (20.08)

9580 (18.64)

290,988 (21.01)

48,711 (18.91)

8736 (22.00)

 < 0.0001

Income level

 < 0.0001

 1st quartile

190,147 (21.58)

11,612 (22.59)

286,580 (20.69)

54,918 (21.32)

5927 (14.93)

 2nd quartile

188,211 (21.37)

11,428 (22.23)

254,189 (18.35)

42,492 (16.49)

5987 (15.08)

 3rd quartile

235,985 (26.79)

13,531 (26.32)

351,556 (25.38)

61,222 (23.76)

9530 (24.00)

 4th quartile

266,584 (30.26)

14,835 (28.86)

492,657 (35.57)

99,006 (38.43)

18,265 (46.00)

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

429,176 (48.72)

32,721 (63.65)

793,557 (57.30)

200,840 (77.95)

24,793 (62.44)

 < 0.0001

 Dyslipidemia

332,360 (37.73)

24,353 (47.37)

586,012 (42.31)

136,630 (53.03)

17,665 (44.49)

 < 0.0001

 COPD

66,821 (7.59)

4070 (7.92)

130,013 (9.39)

35,915 (13.94)

3995 (10.06)

 < 0.0001

 Cancer

23,876 (2.71)

1411 (2.74)

44,187 (3.19)

11,247 (4.37)

1372 (3.46)

 < 0.0001

 CHF

1434 (0.16)

156 (0.30)

3525 (0.25)

2268 (0.88)

457 (1.15)

 < 0.0001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

128.21 ± 15.50

133.15 ± 17.47

129.16 ± 15.75

130.68 ± 16.88

130.01 ± 16.8

 < 0.0001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

79.17 ± 10.21

82.10 ± 11.34

79.14 ± 10.25

78.20 ± 10.59

78.28 ± 10.48

 < 0.0001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

196.54 ± 45.81

206.33 ± 54.47

198.06 ± 46.77

195.25 ± 49.49

191.99 ± 47.61

 < 0.0001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

52.55 ± 33.41

51.78 ± 21.34

51.75 ± 22.52

50.41 ± 24.59

69.17 ± 108.30

 < 0.0001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

111.46 ± 80.82

113.81 ± 75.29

113.62 ± 87.86

111.69 ± 85.67

110.23 ± 69.02

 < 0.0001

Dipstick albuminuria ≥ 1 + 

0 (0)

51,406 (5.51)

85,435 (6.17)

34,375 (13.34)

7659 (19.29)

 < 0.0001

  1. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, or n(%).
  2. DKD diabetic kidney disease; BMI body mass index; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF congestive heart failure; BP blood pressure; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  3. aNo DKD: estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73m2, negative or trace in dipstick proteinuria, bDKD stage 1: eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73m2, ≥ 1 + in dipstick proteinuria, cDKD stage 2: 60 mL/min/1.73m2 ≤ eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73m2, dDKD stage 3: 30 mL/min/1.73m2 ≤ eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2, eDKD stage 4: eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73m2.
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