Table1 Background characteristics of the study population according to eating time window duration (time feeding restricted to 10 h vs. no restriction).

From: Time restricted feeding is associated with poor performance in specific cognitive domains of Suburb-Dwelling older Chinese

Variables

TRF* (n = 409)

No restriction (n = 944)

Cohen’s d /φ

P

Age group (years)

  

0.21

0.017

60–64

12 (2.9)

35 (3.7)

  

65–74

228 (55.7)

595 (63.0)

  

≥ 75

169 (41.3)

314 (33.3)

  

Sex (%)

  

0.03

0.270

Male

161 (39.4)

402 (42.6)

  

Female (%)

248 (60.6)

542 (57.4)

  

BMI (kg/m2)

23.92 ± 3.46

23.61 ± 3.33

0.09

0.313

IADL (score)

6.57 ± 1.14

7.68 ± 1.00

− 1.04

0.021

MNA-SF (score)

12.89 ± 1.35

12.82 ± 1.45

0.05

0.163

GDS (score)

13.06 ± 3.34

12.70 ± 3.24

0.11

0.334

Sleep duration (hour)

8.48 ± 1.34

8.35 ± 1.33

0.10

0.471

IPAQ (Met/week)

4746 (2039.25,8484)

4893 (2373,9786)

− 0.12

0.107

Living alone (%)

77 (18.8)

161 (17.1)

0.02

0.432

Widowed (%)

93 (22.7)

184 (19.5)

0.04

0.174

Illiterate (%)

62 (15.2)

109 (11.5)

0.07

0.066

Farming (%)

214 (52.3)

554 (58.7)

0.16

0.030

Smoking (%)

  

0.06

0.129

Non-smoker

301 (73.6)

644 (68.2)

  

Former smoker

56 (13.7)

163 (17.3)

  

Current smoker

52 (12.7)

137 (14.5)

  

Drinking (%)

  

0.06

0.204

Never drinker

262 (64.1)

588 (62.3)

  

Former drinker

51 (12.5)

92 (9.7)

  

Occasional drinker

38 (9.3)

113 (12.0)

  

Current drinker

58 (14.2)

151 (16.0)

  

Health status (%)

Type-2 diabetes

67 (16.4)

167 (17.7)

0.02

0.559

Hypertension

279 (68.2)

576 (61.0)

0.17

0.012

Hyperlipidemia

58 (14.2)

120 (12.7)

0.02

0.463

Stroke

138 (33.7)

264 (28.0)

0.21

0.033

Heart disease

145 (35.5)

329 (34.9)

0.01

0.832

Cancer

12 (3.0)

34 (3.6)

0.02

0.569

The time of food intake (%)

  

1.13

< 0.001

Daytime feeding

388 (94.9)

808 (85.6)

  

Night-time feeding

21 (5.1)

136 (14.4)

  

CI (%)

144 (35.2)

137 (14.5)

0.33

< 0.001

MMSE (score)

22.45 ± 4.63

24.97 ± 4.24

− 0.57

< 0.001

Orientation to time (score)

4.21 ± 1.15

4.30 ± 1.00

− 0.08

0.540

Orientation to place (score)

3.65 ± 0.83

4.73 ± 0.71

− 1.40

< 0.001

Registration (score)

2.75 ± 0.52

2.85 ± 0.51

− 0.19

0.658

Attention/calculation (score)

2.36 ± 1.64

3.64 ± 1.60

− 0.79

< 0.001

Recall (score)

1.35 ± 1.27

1.34 ± 1.23

0.01

0.918

Language (score)

8.04 ± 1.27

8.10 ± 1.18

− 0.05

0.603

  1. TRF Time restricted feeding, BMI Body Mass Index, IADL Instrumental activities of daily living, MNA-SF Mini-nutritional assessment short-form, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, IPAQ International physical activity questionnaires, CI Cognitive impairment, MMSE Mini-mental State Examination.
  2. *TRF is the control group. △Cohen’s d indicates effects sizes in Student’s t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test, φ indicates effects sizes in Chi-squared test.
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