Table 2 Mean comparison of questionnaires and sleep parameters before and after application use.

	ASMR group (n = 38)				BB group (n = 38)				Group X Time P	Time p	Group p
	Pre	Post	p	Cohen’s d	Pre	Post	p	Cohen’s d
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	p	Cohen’s d	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	p	Cohen’s d
PSS	22.63 ± 3.54	16.16 ± 3.28	< 0.001	1.89	22.89 ± 2.70	16.74 ± 3.46	< 0.001	1.98	0.72	< 0.01	0.49
BDI-II	24.45 ± 8.21	12.32 ± 6.48	< 0.001	1.63	21.61 ± 8.69	11.29 ± 7.79	< 0.001	1.25	0.38	< 0.01	0.19
ISI	12.66 ± 4.86	6.76 ± 4.08	< 0.001	1.31	12.66 ± 4.12	6.32 ± 4.23	< 0.001	1.52	0.76	< 0.01	0.78
STAI-S	54.55 ± 10.14	42.82 ± 9.22	< 0.001	1.21	53.42 ± 7.42	42.68 ± 8.93	< 0.001	1.31	0.65	< 0.01	0.72
PSQI	8.84 ± 2.80	5.47 ± 2.63	< 0.001	1.24	8.71 ± 2.40	5.24 ± 2.19	< 0.001	1.51	0.87	< 0.01	0.70
QOL-BREF	74.55 ± 13.21	92.29 ± 14.08	< 0.001	1.30	78.37 ± 12.42	91.45 ± 15.85	< 0.001	0.92	0.15	< 0.01	0.59
SL (min)	40.66 ± 22.18	25.13 ± 17.61	< 0.001	0.78	44.34 ± 22.18	27.21 ± 28.56	< 0.001	0.67	0.73	< 0.01	0.60
TST (hr)	5.58 ± 1.13	6.38 ± 1.14	< 0.001	0.70	5.89 ± 0.94	6.76 ± 1.27	< 0.001	0.78	0.83	< 0.01	0.11
TIB (hr)	6.33 ± 1.12	7.01 ± 1.07	< 0.001	0.62	6.81 ± 1.27	7.41 ± 1.22	0.02	0.48	0.76	< 0.01	0.06
SE (%)	87.53 ± 10.90	90.45 ± 9.86	0.12	0.28	87.17 ± 8.95	90.87 ± 8.58	0.02	0.42	0.74	< 0.01	0.99

Significant values are in bold.
Paired t-test was performed to examine within-group differences. Cohen’s d was calculated to estimate the effect size. Repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) was used to examine group-by-time interaction. PSS: Perceived stress scale, BDI-II: Beck depression inventory II, ISI: Insomnia severity index, STAI-S: State-trait anxiety inventory-state anxiety, PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, QOL-BREF: Quality of Life scale abbreviated version, SL: Sleep latency, TST: Total sleep time, TIB: Time in bed, SE: Sleep efficiency, ASMR: Autonomous sensory meridian response, BB: Binaural beat.

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