Table 3 Top linear mixed-effects models examining home range size as a function of land cover types in southwestern Virginia, USA from June 2012–February 2017 and March 2019–February 2022 based on delta Akaike information criterion.

Season	Model	Term	Estimate	SE	Pr( >\|t\|)
Late gestation	Mixed hardwood + NM open land	(Intercept)	872.79	53.63	< 0.001
		Mixed hardwood	421.16	49.27	< 0.001
		NM open land	− 252.43	52.54	< 0.001
Calving	Mixed hardwood + NM open land	(Intercept)	603.50	58.23	< 0.001
		Mixed hardwood	150.39	54.19	0.007
		NM open land	− 117.97	55.68	0.037
Harems	Oak + Mixed hardwood + NM open land	(Intercept)	688.17	41.57	< 0.001
		Oak	− 146.55	35.15	< 0.001
		Mixed hardwood	168.66	37.29	< 0.001
		NM open land	− 152.29	36.29	< 0.001
Mid-gestation	Mines + NM open land	(Intercept)	591.67	48.81	< 0.001
		Mines	− 235.42	44.48	< 0.001
		NM open land	− 84.44	38.02	0.029
Year-round	Mixed hardwood + NM open land	(Intercept)	678.44	50.49	< 0.001
		Mixed hardwood	233.13	28.87	< 0.001
		NM open land	− 59.68	29.90	0.047

We used four land cover types in our models: oak forests (oak), mixed hardwood forests (mixed hardwood), land associated with mining (mines) and non-mined open land (NM open land).

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