Table 3 Associations between quartiles of carbohydrate intake and anxiety statusa (N = 15,602; NutriNet-Santé cohort; France).

From: Associations of overall and specific carbohydrate intake with anxiety status evolution in the prospective NutriNet-Santé population-based cohort

 

Transient anxiety

Onset of anxiety at follow-up

Persistent anxiety

n = 1956

n = 1200

n = 3507

Quartile

ORb

95% CIb

p for trend

Quartile

ORb

95% CIb

p for trend

Quartile

ORb

95% CIb

p for trend

% of energy from carbohydrates

2

1.05

(0.97–1.15)

0.92

2

1.08

(0.97–1.19)

0.11

2

0.99

(0.93–1.07)

 < 0.02

3

1.05

(0.97–1.14)

3

1.00

(0.90–1.11)

3

0.97

(0.90–1.04)

4

0.95

(0.87–1.04)

4

1.07

(0.96–1.19)

4

1.11

(1.03–1.19)

Total carbohydrates (g/d)

2

1.06

(0.97–1.15)

0.74

2

1.05

(0.95–1.16)

0.06

2

0.99

(0.92–1.06)

 < 0.02

3

1.07

(0.98–1.16)

3

0.99

(0.89–1.10)

3

0.98

(0.92–1.06)

4

0.93

(0.85–1.01)

4

1.09

(0.98–1.21)

4

1.10

(1.03–1.18)

Complex carbohydrates (g/d)

2

1.08

(0.99–1.18)

0.65

2

0.99

(0.89–1.10)

 < 0.02

2

0.96

(0.90–1.03)

 < 0.01

3

0.99

(0.91–1.08)

3

1.01

(0.91–1.12)

3

1.01

(0.94–1.08)

4

1.00

(0.91–1.09)

 

4

1.12

(1.01–1.25)

 

4

1.09

(1.02–1.17)

 

Simple sugars (g/d)

2

0.97

(0.89–1.06)

0.71

2

1.20

(1.08–1.32)

0.49

2

0.95

(0.88–1.02)

0.57

3

1.10

(1.01–1.20)

 

3

0.95

(0.86–1.06)

 

3

1.01

(0.94–1.08)

 

4

0.96

(0.88–1.05)

4

0.95

(0.85–1.05)

4

0.99

(0.92–1.07)

Added sugars (g/d)

2

1.01

(0.92–1.10)

0.06

2

1.09

(0.98–1.20)

0.42

2

0.97

(0.91–1.04)

0.18

3

1.08

(0.99–1.17)

3

0.96

(0.87–1.07)

3

0.97

(0.90–1.04)

4

1.02

(0.94–1.12)

4

0.96

(0.86–1.07)

4

1.08

(1.00–1.15)

Starch (g/d)

2

1.06

(0.98–1.16)

0.66

2

0.98

(0.88–1.09)

 < 0.01

2

0.97

(0.90–1.04)

 < 0.02

3

1.01

(0.93–1.10)

3

1.01

(0.91–1.13)

3

1.01

(0.94–1.08)

4

0.99

(0.91–1.08)

4

1.13

(1.02–1.25)

4

1.09

(1.01–1.16)

Fiber (g/d)

2

1.04

(0.96–1.13)

0.16

2

1.07

(0.96–1.18)

0.80

2

0.97

(0.90–1.04)

0.76

3

0.95

(0.87–1.04)

3

1.02

(0.91–1.13)

3

0.93

(0.86–0.99)

4

0.96

(0.88–1.05)

4

0.98

(0.88–1.10)

4

1.05

(0.98–1.13)

Whole grains (g/d)

2

1.00

(0.92–1.09)

0.10

2

0.99

(0.89–1.10)

0.79

2

1.01

(0.95–1.09)

 < 0.05

3

1.08

(0.99–1.17)

3

1.06

(0.95–1.18)

3

0.99

(0.92–1.06)

4

0.89

(0.81–0.97)

4

0.95

(0.86–1.06)

4

0.94

(0.88–1.01)

Fresh fruit (g/d)

2

0.96

(0.88–1.04)

0.61

2

1.10

(1.00–1.22)

0.59

2

0.94

(0.88–1.01)

0.06

3

1.13

(1.04–1.23)

3

0.93

(0.83–1.04)

3

1.01

(0.94–1.08)

4

0.92

(0.84–1.00)

4

0.99

(0.89–1.11)

4

0.95

(0.89–1.03)

Fruit including dried fruit (g/d)

2

0.95

(0.87–1.04)

0.79

2

1.09

(0.98–1.21)

0.75

2

0.95

(0.89–1.02)

0.13

3

1.13

(1.04–1.23)

3

0.95

(0.85–1.06)

3

0.99

(0.92–1.06)

4

0.92

(0.84–1.01)

4

0.99

(0.89–1.11)

4

0.97

(0.91–1.05)

Sweet/sweetened food except fruit (g/d)

2

1.00

(0.92–1.09)

0.45

2

1.03

(0.93–1.14)

0.67

2

0.93

(0.87–1.00)

0.09

3

1.08

(0.99–1.18)

3

1.01

(0.91–1.12)

3

1.03

(0.96–1.10)

4

0.98

(0.90–1.07)

4

1.00

(0.90–1.12)

4

1.06

(0.99–1.13)

100% fruit juice (ml/d)

2

0.96

(0.88–1.04)

0.83

2

1.01

(0.90–1.12)

0.72

2

1.03

(0.96–1.11)

 < 0.01

3

1.03

(0.95–1.12)

3

1.10

(0.99–1.22)

3

1.05

(0.98–1.13)

4

1.00

(0.92–1.09)

4

0.92

(0.83–1.02)

4

0.87

(0.81–0.94)

Sweet/sweetened beverages except 100% fruit juice (ml/d)

2

0.91

(0.83–0.99)

 < 0.02

2

1.03

(0.93–1.14)

0.79

2

0.90

(0.84–0.97)

0.68

3

1.02

(0.94–1.11)

3

1.06

(0.95–1.18)

3

1.03

(0.96–1.10)

4

1.11

(1.02–1.21)

4

0.94

(0.84–1.05)

4

1.03

(0.96–1.11)

  1. aAnxiety status assessed with the trait subscale of Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y (STAI-T). STAI-T score > 40 points considered as high general anxiety; anxiety categories as follows: (1) None = no reported high general anxiety at any time point; (2) Transient anxiety = high general anxiety reported only at baseline; (3) Onset of anxiety at follow-up = high general anxiety reported only at follow-up; (4) Persistent anxiety = high general anxiety reported at baseline and follow-up.
  2. bResults from multivariable polytomous logistic regression (reference categories: anxiety status = None (n = 8939) and lowest quartile of carbohydrate intake) adjusted for age (time-scale), BMI (continuous variable), sex, number of 24-h dietary records, smoking status, educational level, employment status, physical activity level, sedentariness, alcohol intake, marital status, and presence of children aged < 18 y in household.
  3. Values are rounded off to two decimal places. Significant results are shown in bold.
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