Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants (n = 1337).

	Missing data, n
Age, years [SD]	0	51.63 ± 9.20
Male, n (%)	0	1,157 (86.54)
Body mass index, kg/m² [SD]	0	24.88 ± 3.04
Biochemical variables
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg [SD]	0	115.95 ± 12.45
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg [SD]	0	75.73 ± 9.52
Glucose, mg/dL [SD]	0	101.57 ± 18.01
HbA1c, % [SD]	1	5.73 ± 0.68
Total cholesterol, mg/dL [SD]	0	192.74 ± 38.65
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL [SD]	0	130.98 ± 37.58
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL [SD]	0	54.53 ± 14.13
Triglycerides, mg/dL [SD]	0	138.66 ± 102.11
Homocysteine, μmol/L [SD]	0	10.52 ± 4.51
Medications
Antihypertensive agents, n (%)	0	286 (21.39)
Antidiabetic agents, n (%)	0	103 (7.7)
Lipid-lowering agents, n (%)	0	222 (16.6)
Risk factors
Hypertension, n (%)	0	383 (28.65)
Diabetes, n (%)	0	157 (11.74)
Dyslipidemia, n (%)	0	692 (51.76)
Current or former smoker, n (%)	43	773 (57.82)
Regular exercise^a, n (%)	25	455 (34.03)
History of CAD, n (%)	0	45 (3.37)
CAC score, median [IQR]	0	0 [0–18]
CAC 0		849 (63.5)
CAC 0‒100		332 (24.83)
CAC > 100		156 (11.67)
Radiological variables
PVWMH, n (%)	0	158 (11.82)
DWMH, n (%)	0	148 (11.07)
ICAS, n (%)	0	21 (1.57)

PVWMH Periventricular white matter hyperintensity, DWMH Deep white matter hyperintensity, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, HDL High-density lipoprotein, HbA1c Glycohemoglobin, CAD Coronary artery disease, CAC Coronary artery calcium, ICAS Intracranial artery stenosis, SD Standard deviation, IQR Interquartile range.
^aRegular engagement in vigorous exercise for more than 10 min at least 3 times per week.

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