Table 3 Overall (the two study years pooled together) and by study year (the two study years separately) differences of species groups cover and richness between the treatments (factor-level comparisons with emmeans).

From: Co-seeding grasses and forbs supports restoration of species-rich grasslands and improves weed control in ex-arable land

 

Sown forbs

Weed

Festuca pseudovina

Cover (%)

Richness

Cover (%)

Richness

Cover (%)

t

p

t

p

t

p

t

p

t

p

Overall

G + D – D

− 4.140

 < 0.001

− 8.413

 < 0.001

− 10.018

 < 0.001

− 13.110

 < 0.001

  

G + D – G

    

− 6.522

 < 0.001

− 8.733

 < 0.001

2.791

0.015

D – G

    

2.753

0.017

4.106

 < 0.001

  

Year 1

G + D – D

− 0.277

0.959

− 5.049

 < 0.001

− 6.678

 < 0.001

− 10.229

 < 0.001

  

G + D – G

    

− 5.780

 < 0.001

− 9.766

 < 0.001

4.000

 < 0.001

D – G

    

0.403

0.914

− 0.010

1.000

  

Year 2

G + D – D

− 4.717

 < 0.001

− 6.892

 < 0.001

− 9.646

 < 0.001

− 11.831

 < 0.001

  

G + D – G

    

− 2.970

0.009

− 4.421

 < 0.001

0.321

0.945

D – G

    

5.961

 < 0.001

7.440

 < 0.001

  
  1. Significant differences are marked in boldface (p < 0.05). G + D—plots sown with grass and diverse forb seed mixture; D—diverse forb seed mixture.
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