Figure 4
From: Video-based formative and summative assessment of surgical tasks using deep learning
CAM results. CAM plots for (a) a TN (FLS score: 16.8) and (b) a TP (FLS score: 170.7) sample. The plots are presented in the original frame size of 640 × 480. Each dot represents the tool location for a timestamp generated at 1 FPS. This resulted in 256 dots for the TN case as the procedure took 256 s and 105 for TP. The red arrows indicate tool motions that may lead to poor performance, while the green arrows indicate smooth behavior. The color-coded heatmaps illustrate the intensities of the same CAM generated for the given samples. However, different color maps are used for scissors and grasper locations. (c) Overall VBA-Net performance comparison before and after masking. Here, p is the p-value of the statistical analysis, and the numbers within the parentheses in the second and third rows represent standard deviation based on tenfolds of training.
