Table 1 Classification scores for LOUO CV.

From: Video-based formative and summative assessment of surgical tasks using deep learning

Model

Method

Suturing

Needle passing

Knot tying

Mean

Zia and Essa34 [2018]

DCT

0.647

0.357

0.548

0.517

Zia and Essa34 [2018]

DFT

0.647

0.464

0.516

0.542

Fard et al.40 [2016]

M.F. + LR

0.705

–

–

–

Fard et al.40 [2016]

M.F. + SVM

0.721

–

–

–

Funke et al.7 [2019]

3DCNN

–

–

0.630

–

Zia and Essa34 [2018]

ApEn

0.882

0.857

0.774

0.838

Khalid et al.25 [2020]

Autoencoder

0.840

0.840

0.840

0.840

VBA-Net

DAE + classifier

0.983

0.929

0.926

0.946

  1. DCT discrete cosine transform, DFT discrete Fourier transform, LR logistic regression, SVM support vector machine, ApEn approximate entropy, M.F. manual features.
  2. Significant values are in bold.
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