Figure 1

Impedance and asymmetric pumping illustrating asymmetry through length of compliant tubing. (a) Mixed (Liebau effect), (b) impedance, (c) asymmetric and (d) no pumping systems. SP = symmetry plane.
Impedance and asymmetric pumping illustrating asymmetry through length of compliant tubing. (a) Mixed (Liebau effect), (b) impedance, (c) asymmetric and (d) no pumping systems. SP = symmetry plane.