Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population.
Age-related macular degeneration | P-value | Age-related macular degeneration | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absent (N = 4,153,245) | Present (N = 53,617) | Without VD (N = 49,759) | With VD (N = 3,858) | |||
Mean age, years | 60.6 ± 8.3 | 67.4 ± 8.4 | < 0.001 | 67.4 ± 8.5 | 67.9 ± 8.3 | < 0.001 |
Sex, male, No. (%) | 2,013,798 (48.5) | 22,783 (42.5) | < 0.001 | 20,927 (42.1) | 1,856 (48.1) | < 0.001 |
Smoking, No. (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Non-smoker | 2,764,235 (66.6) | 39,328 (73.4) | 36,589 (73.5) | 2,739 (71.0) | ||
Ex-smoker | 659,802 (15.9) | 8,514 (15.9) | 7,890 (15.9) | 624 (16.2) | ||
Current smoker | 729,208 (17.6) | 5,775 (10.8) | 5,280 (10.6) | 495 (12.8) | ||
Alcohol consumption, No. (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Non | 2,699,203 (65.0) | 40,658 (75.8) | 37,709 (75.8) | 2,949 (76.4) | ||
Mild | 1,188,326 (28.6) | 10,903 (20.3) | 10,148 (20.4) | 755 (19.6) | ||
Heavy | 265,716 (6.4) | 2,056 (3.8) | 1,902 (3.8) | 154 (4.0) | ||
Regular physical activity, No (%) | 880,807 (21.2) | 11,137 (20.8) | 0.014 | 7,295 (20.3) | 566 (20.8) | 0.047 |
Anthropometrics | ||||||
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 3.0 | 24.0 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 | 24.0 ± 3.0 | 23.9 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 |
WC, cm | 82.2 ± 8.3 | 82.9 ± 8.4 | < 0.001 | 82.8 ± 8.3 | 83.1 ± 8.4 | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 126.5 ± 15.8 | 128.2 ± 15.9 | < 0.001 | 128.3 ± 15.9 | 128.0 ± 16.3 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 77.9 ± 10.2 | 77.5 ± 10.0 | < 0.001 | 77.5 ± 10.0 | 77.5 ± 10.2 | < 0.001 |
Comorbidity | ||||||
Hypertension, No. (%) | 1,916,948 (46.2) | 32,345 (60.3) | < 0.001 | 30,065 (60.4) | 2,280 (59.1) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes Mellitus, No. (%) | 633,576 (15.3) | 12,464 (23.3) | < 0.001 | 11,509 (23.1) | 955 (24.8) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia, No. (%) | 1,174,483 (28.3) | 18,834 (35.1) | < 0.001 | 17,509 (35.2) | 1,325 (34.3) | < 0.001 |
Laboratory findings | ||||||
Glucose, fasting, mg/dL | 102.1 ± 27.4 | 104.3 ± 29.7 | < 0.001 | 104.3 ± 29.6 | 105.2 ± 31.3 | < 0.001 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 82.8 ± 33.3 | 79.7 ± 34.9 | < 0.001 | 79.8 ± 34.9 | 79.3 ± 34.9 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 201.0 ± 38.3 | 198.9 ± 39.3 | < 0.001 | 198.9 ± 39.3 | 198.0 ± 39.6 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 121.3 (121.2–121.4) | 121.1 (120.5–121.6) | 0.790 | 120.8 (120.3–121.4) | 123.7 (121.7––125.7) | 0.022 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 55.6 ± 31.2 | 55.2 ± 34.0 | 0.006 | 55.3 ± 33.9 | 54.3 ± 35.0 | 0.010 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 119.0 ± 39.5 | 118.0 ± 39.7 | < 0.001 | 118.0 ± 39.7 | 117.5 ± 40.5 | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin, mg/dL | 13.7 ± 1.5 | 13.4 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 | 13.4 ± 1.5 | 13.3 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
Urban residency, No. (%) | 1,882,203 (45.3) | 22,059 (41.1) | < 0.001 | 20,469 (41.1) | 1,590 (41.2) | < 0.001 |
Income of lowest 20%, No. (%) | 891,189 (21.5) | 9,602 (17.9) | < 0.001 | 8,862 (17.8) | 740 (19.2) | < 0.001 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
Visual disability, No. (%) | 40,287 (1.0) | 3,858 (7.2) | < 0.001 | |||
