Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the STEPS Study mothers who provided milk samples, and their infants in relation to residential green environment properties (n = 795) (750 m × 750 m grids).
Variable | n (%)/Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
All | NDVI | VCDI | NI | |
Child characteristics | ||||
Sex | ||||
Boy | 428 (53.8) | 0.56 (0.12) | 0.42 (0.13) | 3.03 (0.85) |
Girl | 367 (46.2) | 0.56 (0.13) | 0.41 (0.13) | 3.02 (0.84) |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.54 (0.50) | – | – | – |
Duration of pregnancy (weeks) | 39.94 (1.47) | – | – | – |
Twin | ||||
No | 787 (99.0) | 0.56 (0.13) | 0.42 (0.13) | 3.02 (0.84) |
Yes | 8 (1.0) | 0.59 (0.15) | 0.38 (0.05) | 3.15 (1.11) |
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Age | 31.16 (4.36) | – | –* | – |
Previous children | ||||
No | 483 (60.8) | 0.54 (0.14)* | 0.41 (0.13) | 2.95 (0.87)* |
Yes (1–5) | 312 (39.3) | 0.59 (0.10) | 0.43 (0.12) | 3.14 (0.79) |
Birth mode | ||||
Vaginal | 698 (87.8) | 0.56 (0.13) | 0.42 (0.13) | 3.00 (0.84) |
Cesarean | 97 (12.2) | 0.57 (0.12) | 0.42 (0.11) | 3.16 (0.86) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | 24.09 (4.52) | –* | – | –* |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 488 (62.5) | 0.56 (0.12) | 0.42 (0.12) | 3.05 (0.85) |
Cohabiting | 267 (34.2) | 0.55 (0.13) | 0.41 (0.13) | 2.98 (0.84) |
Single/widow/divorced | 26 (3.3) | 0.55 (0.14) | 0.41 (0.15) | 2.95 (0.89) |
Education | ||||
Basic | 242 (31.0) | 0.57 (0.12)* | 0.42 (0.12) | 3.12 (0.84)* |
Advanced | 539 (69.0) | 0.55 (0.13) | 0.42 (0.13) | 2.98 (0.85) |
Occupation | ||||
Higher-grade non-manual | 250 (31.5) | 0.56 (0.13)* | 0.41 (0.13) | 3.03 (0.86)* |
Lower-grade non-manual | 182 (22.9) | 0.57 (0.12) | 0.43 (0.12) | 3.09 (0.86) |
Manual | 139 (17.5) | 0.58 (0.12) | 0.43 (0.12) | 3.15 (0.81) |
Student | 100 (12.6) | 0.52 (0.13) | 0.40 (0.14) | 2.79 (0.80) |
Full-time mother | 18 (2.3) | 0.61 (0.12) | 0.42 (0.11) | 3.22 (0.95) |
Missing | 106 (13.3) | 0.54 (0.13) | 0.42 (0.13) | 2.93 (0.83) |
Family net income/month | ||||
< 3000 € | 409 (53.0) | 0.56 (0.12) | 0.42 (0.13) | 3.00 (0.83) |
≥ 3000 € | 363 (47.0) | 0.56 (0.13) | 0.41 (0.12) | 3.05 (0.88) |
Any diseases1 | ||||
No | 646 (81.3) | 0.56 (0.13) | 0.42 (0.13) | 3.02 (0.84) |
Yes | 149 (18.7) | 0.56 (0.12) | 0.42 (0.11) | 3.03 (0.86) |
Smoking before/during pregnancy | ||||
No | 734 (92.3) | 0.56 (0.13) | 0.42 (0.13) | 3.03 (0.85) |
Yes | 61 (7.7) | 0.56 (0.11) | 0.43 (0.12) | 3.00 (0.83) |
Diet during pregnancy2 | ||||
Healthy | 308 (69.8) | 0.56 (0.12) | 0.42 (0.12) | 3.03 (0.82) |
Unhealthy | 133 (30.2) | 0.57 (0.13) | 0.42 (0.12) | 3.05 (0.84) |
Milk sample | ||||
Secretor status | ||||
Nonsecretor | 102 (12.8) | 0.53 (0.14)* | 0.41 (0.13) | 2.85 (0.80)* |
Secretor | 693 (87.2) | 0.56 (0.12) | 0.42 (0.13) | 3.05 (0.85) |
Lactation time postpartum (months) | 2.64 (0.41) | – | – | – |
Lactation status | ||||
Exclusive breastfeeding | 370 (46.5) | 0.56 (0.13) | 0.41 (0.13) | 3.00 (0.80) |
Partial breastfeeding | 277 (34.8) | 0.56 (0.12) | 0.43 (0.12) | 3.06 (0.86) |
Unknown | 148 (18.6) | 0.55 (0.13) | 0.40 (0.13) | 3.02 (0.93) |
Living environment | ||||
Season | ||||
Summer (March–Sep) | 446 (56.1) | 0.56 (0.13) | 0.42 (0.12) | 3.02 (0.87) |
Winter (Oct–Feb) | 349 (43.9) | 0.56 (0.12) | 0.42 (0.13) | 3.02 (0.82) |
