Table 1 Baseline characteristics and intestinal barrier markers of participants.

From: Obstructive sleep apnea is related to alterations in fecal microbiome and impaired intestinal barrier function

Factor

Non OSA (n = 11)

Mild OSA (n = 11)

Moderate OSA (n = 11)

Severe OSA (n = 15)

P

Demographics

   Age (years)

38(33–40)

38(33–49)

40(35–51)

35(30–45)

0.542

   Gender (males)

7(64%)

6(55%)

9(82%)

15(100%)*

0.014

   BMI (Kg/m2)

24.01 ± 3.11

26.33 ± 2.29

26.49 ± 3.68

28.72 ± 3.38*

0.006

   Hypertension (%)

0(0%)

2(18%)

3(27%)

4(27%)

0.302

   Diabetes (%)

0(0%)

1(9%)

1(9%)

4(27%)

0.266

PSG date

  AHI (events/h)

2.1 (1.5–2.5)

6.6(5.4–10.3)*

18.7(16.7–20.6)*

59.1 (54.6–73.0)*

 < 0.001

  Mean SaO2 (%)

95 (95–97)

95(94–96)

95(94–96)

93(88–94)*

 < 0.001

  Lowest SaO2 (%)

90(86–93)

87(83–88)

82(75–85)*

63(52–75)*

 < 0.001

Intestinal barrier markers

  D-LA (mmol/L)

1.40(0.01–2.74)

7.73(4.19–11.52)*

7.88(6.09–10.58)*

8.74(5.94–16.36)*

 < 0.001

  I-FABP (pg/mL)

1112.55 ± 346.91

1443.33 ± 530.17

1914.30 ± 845.35*

2055.32 ± 880.91*

0.010

  1. BMI, body mass index; AHI, apnea–hypopnea index; SaO2, pulse oxygen saturation; D-LA, D-lactic acid; I-FABP, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein.
  2. values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or number (percentage).
  3. p values based on Kruskal–Wallis or Chi-Squared (Fisher's Exact Test) or ANOVA test.
  4. *p values significant for the comparison of OSA groups versus No OSA Subjects.
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