Table 2 Baseline characteristics of patients with T1D (for age ≤ 25, > 25 years) before and after matching (variables: age, gender, diabetes duration, type of insulin treatment and migration background), comparing patients with T1D and comorbid PTSD to patients with T1D without PTSD.

Demographics, diabetes-related outcomes	Entire age range	≤ 25 years			> 25 years
Demographics, diabetes-related outcomes	SMD	T1D-no-PTSD N = 97,232	T1D-PTSD N = 88	p value	T1D-no-PTSD N = 54,854	T1D-PTSD N = 91	p value
Characteristics before matching
Overall Propensity Score	0.78
Gender [% male]	− 0.50	53.16	30.68	< 0.001*	52.85	28.57	< 0.001*
Migration background [%]	0.10	18.42	22.73	1.000	1.44	1.10	1.000
Age, in years	0.47	16.47 [12.84; 17.83]	17.41 [15.37; 18.66]	< 0.01*	50.62 [37.70; 63.11]	45.78 [37.29; 61.26]	1.000
Age at diabetes onset		8.97 [5.26; 12.30]	9.70 [5.55; 12.80]	1.000	29.45 [17.15; 43.28]	26.07 [14.55; 38.94]	0.836
Diabetes duration, in years	0.42	5.63 [2.51; 9.46]	7.56 [4.15; 11.03]	0.015	17.93 [7.98; 29.61]	21.03 [12.69; 32.31]	0.722
Height-SDS, AGA		− 0.07 [− 0.77; 0.62]	− 0.55 [− 1.49; 0.35]		− 0.40 [− 1.27; 0.29]	− 0.49 [− 1.20; 0.13]
BMI-SDS, AGA		0.52 [− 0.15; 1.20]	1.01 [0.11; 1.62]	0.017*	− 0.22 [− 1.06; 0.68]	− 0.23 [− 1.27; 0.95]	1.000
Daily Insulin dose/kg		0.84 [0.66; 1.04]	0.82 [0.68; 1.05]	1.000	0.57 [0.42; 0.76]	0.52 [0.40; 0.70]	1.000
Insulin pump [%]	− 0.01	41.14	39.77	1.000	23.75	34.07	0.231
CGM > 1/day [%]		38.39	43.18	1.000	13.05	30.77	< 0.001*
HbA1c [%]		7.78 [6.97; 8.89]	8.32 [7.37; 9.45]	0.011*	7.53 [6.72; 8.59]	7.73 [6.71; 8.87]	1.000
HbA1c: [mmol/mol]		61.50 [52.67; 73.64]	67.41 [57.08; 79.78]	0.011*	58.77 [49.92; 70.33]	61.00 [49.83; 73.43]	1.000

Demographics, diabetes-related outcomes	Entire age range	≤ 25 years			> 25 years
Demographics, diabetes-related outcomes	SMD	T1D-no-PTSD N = 440	T1D-PTSD N = 88	p value	T1D-no-PTSD N = 455	T1D-PTSD N = 91	p value
Characteristics after matching
Overall Propensity Score	0.00
Gender [% male]	0.00	30.68	30.68	1.000	28.57	28.57	1.000
Migration background [%]	0.00	22.73	22.73	1.000	1.10	1.10	1.000
Age, in years	0.02	17.32 [15.10; 18.28]	17.41 [15.37; 18.66]	1.000	48.25 [37.17; 61.67]	45.78 [37.29; 61.26]	1.000
Age at diabetes onset		8.62 [5.35; 12.51]	9.70 [5.55; 12.80]	1.000	25.36 [14.63; 38.74]	26.07 [14.55; 38.94]	1.000
Diabetes duration, in years	− 0.02	7.59 [4.41; 11.05]	7.56 [4.15; 11.03]	1.000	20.06 [12.31; 30.79]	21.03 [12.69; 32.31]	1.000
Height-SDS, AGA		− 0.13 [− 0.80; 0.57]	− 0.55 [− 1.49; 0.35]		− 0.49 [− 1.27; 0.29]	− 0.49 [− 1.20; 0.13]
BMI-SDS, AGA		0.63 [− 0.05; 1.31]	1.01 [0.11; 1.62]	0.616	− 0.13 [− 0.96; 0.69]	− 0.23 [− 1.27; 0.95]	1.000
Daily Insulin dose/kg		0.87 [0.68; 1.09]	0.82 [0.68; 1.05]	1.000	0.59 [0.43; 0.77]	0.52 [0.40; 0.70]	1.000
Insulin pump [%]	0.00	39.77	39.77	1.000	34.07	34.07	1.000
CGM > 1/day [%]		40.68	43.18	1.000	19.12	30.77	0.167
HbA1c [%]		7.98 [7.14; 9.17]	8.32 [7.37; 9.45]	0.759	7.47 [6.70; 8.56]	7.73 [6.71; 8.87]	1.000
HbA1c: [mmol/mol]		63.71 [54.48; 76.71]	67.41 [57.08; 79.78]	0.759	58.19 [49.74; 70.07]	61.00 [49.83; 73.43]	1.000

All data are presented in median [Q1; Q3] or percentage [%]. Entire age range = Total age range of patients in the T1D + PTSD group and T1D-only group. SMD standardized mean difference between T1D-no-PTSD and T1D + PTSD group, T1D type 1 diabetes, PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder, T1D-no-PTSD patients with T1D without PTSD, with or without other comorbid mental disorder, T1D + PTSD patients with T1D and PTSD, with or without other mental comorbidity, BMI body-mass index, SDS standard deviation score, AGA Arbeitsgemeinschaft Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter, CGM continuous glucose monitoring, HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c.
*Significant (p < 0.05).

Search