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Figure 1

From: The propensity to sign-track is associated with externalizing behavior and distinct patterns of reward-related brain activation in youth

Figure 1

Human Pavlovian conditioned approach apparatus and behaviors. (a) Digital depiction of the Pavlovian Conditioned Approach task adapted for use in human youth. Lever response box shown on the left and reward response box on the right. CS = conditioned stimulus; US = unconditioned stimulus. (b) PavCA = Pavlovian Conditioned Approach; Individual subject distribution of PavCA index scores averaged across Blocks 3 and 4. Phenotypes were characterized by a PavCA score greater than 0.5 (horizonal line) for sign-trackers and less than 0.5 for non-sign-trackers; ST = sign-tracker; non-ST = non-sign-tracker. (c) PavCA scores across all 4 blocks between phenotypes (ST, non-ST) and between phases (CS, ITI); CS = conditioned stimulus/lever presentation; ITI = inter-trial interval. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. Post-hoc tests between phenotypes during CS for each block are marked with asterisks; p < .001***, p < .01**, p < .05*.

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