Table 1 Effects of Thymbra capitata essential oil (natural –NEO– and synthetic –SEO–) and their main pure bioactive compounds (included at the same concentration as when EO is added at a rate of 75 mg carvacrol/L) on ruminal fermentation end-products after 24 h in vitro incubation of a high forage diet in batch cultures with mixed rumen microorganisms.

From: Effects of Thymbra capitata essential oil on in vitro fermentation end-products and ruminal bacterial communities

 

Control

NEO

SEO

carvacrol

p-cymene

γ-terpinene

SEM

P value

Gas (mL)

146

140

139

139

140

141

1.92

0.222

Methane (µmol)

579

583

516

507

488

528

29.42

0.181

Total VFA (µmol)

2662

2579

2495*

2459*

2621

2629

40.00

0.016

Molar proportions (µmol/100 µmol)

 Acetate

66.0

66.4

65.7

66.1

66.4

66.1

0.291

0.494

 Propionate

15.0

13.6*

14.2

13.8*

14.2

14.4

0.239

0.015

 Butyrate

12.3

12.9

13.05*

12.9

12.8

12.6

0.170

0.081

 Valerate

2.14

2.23

2.24*

2.32*

2.21

2.23

0.024

0.004

 Caproate

2.22

2.78*

2.73*

2.76*

2.30

2.36

0.077

< 0.001

 Isoacids

2.35

2.09*

2.15

2.21

2.17

2.29

0.052

0.032

Ac:Pr (mol/mol)

4.78

5.37*

5.22*

5.30*

5.15

5.13

0.106

0.021

Methane/VFA (mol/mol)

0.217

0.226

0.205

0.207

0.185

0.202

0.013

0.381

NH3-N (mg/L)

235

259*

265*

225

225

217

5.584

< 0.001

  1. SEM standard error of the mean.
  2. *Mean values marked with an asterisk are significantly (P < 0.05) different from the Control.
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