Table 1 Relationship of participants’ characteristics with IFSAT scores, severe facial skin problems, forehead erythema, forehead papules, and forehead dryness (n = 96).

From: Relationship between facial skin problems with a focus on inflammatory cytokines and the presence of Malassezia in 1-month-old infants

 

Total (n = 96)

IFSAT† scores (n = 96)

Severe facial skin problems‡ (n = 55, 57.3%)

Forehead erythema (n = 16, 16.7%)

Forehead papules (n = 46, 47.9%)

Forehead dryness (n = 7, 7.3%)

n (%) or median (IQR§)

Median (IQR§)

ρ

p-value

n (%) or median (IQR§)

p-value

n (%) or median (IQR§)

p-value

n (%) or median (IQR§)

p-value

n (%) or median (IQR§)

p-value

Infants’ sex

     

0.991||

  

0.650

  

0.139

  

0.447

  

0.097

 Male

40

(41.7)

8.0

(3.0–12.0)

  

24

(60.0)

 

4

(10.0)

 

21

(52.5)

 

5

(12.5)

 

 Female

56

(58.3)

8.0

(4.0–12.5)

  

31

(55.4)

 

12

(21.4)

 

25

(44.6)

 

2

(3.6)

 

Gestational age (weeks)

39.0

(38.0–40.0)

  

− 0.095

0.359††

39.0

(38.0–40.0)

0.268||

38.0

(38.0–39.8)

0.352||

39.0

(38.0–40.0)

0.127||

39.0

(38.0–39.0)

0.555||

Mode of delivery

     

0.419||

  

0.081

  

0.474

  

0.267

  

0.007‡‡

 Vaginal birth

85

(88.5)

8.0

(4.0–12.5)

  

46

(54.1)

 

15

(17.6)

 

39

(45.9)

 

4

(4.7)

 

 Cesarean section

11

(11.5)

8.0

(8.0–11.0)

  

9

(81.8)

 

1

(9.1)

 

7

(63.6)

 

3

(27.3)

 

Mothers’ parity

     

0.851||

  

0.702

  

0.523

 

(63.6)

0.831

  

0.057

 Primipara

49

(51.0)

8.0

(5.0–11.5)

  

29

(59.2)

 

7

(14.3)

 

24

(49.0)

 

6

(12.2)

 

 Multipara

47

(49.0)

8.0

(3.0–13.0)

  

26

(55.3)

 

9

(19.1)

 

22

(46.8)

 

1

(2.1)

 

Birth weight (g)

3021

(2783–3230)

  

0.087

0.397††

3064

(2820–3334)

0.422||

2940

(2786–3190)

0.810||

3069

(2820–3359)

0.221||

2736

(2642–2975)

0.049||

Birth height (cm)

49.0

(47.6–50.0)

  

0.174

0.090††

49.0

(47.6–50.5)

0.262||

49.4

(48.5–50.5)

0.243||

49.2

(47.9–51.0)

0.103||

47.6

(46.3–49.5)

0.153||

One month checkup weight (g)

4233

(3833–4534)

  

0.058

0.573††

4210

(3830–4675)

0.793||

4185

(3965–4320)

0.738||

4260

(3774–4684)

0.495||

3840

(3694–4165)

0.028||

One month checkup height (cm)

53.0

(52.0–54.7)

  

0.063

0.539††

53.0

(52.0–55.0)

0.576||

53.3

(52.0–54.5)

0.647||

53.0

(51.9–55.0)

0.921||

52.3

(51.5–53.6)

0.242||

Family history of atopic dermatitis

   

0.270||

  

0.718

  

1.000

  

0.474

  

0.874‡‡

 Negative

66

(68.8)

8.0

(4.0–11.3)

  

37

(56.1)

 

11

(16.7)

 

30

(45.5)

 

5

(7.6)

 

 Positive

30

(31.3)

9.0

(4.5–14.0)

  

18

(60.0)

 

5

(16.7)

 

16

(53.3)

 

2

(6.7)

 

Infants’ birth season

     

0.039§§

  

0.247

  

0.670

  

0.099

  

0.475

 Spring (March–May)

48

(50.0)

7.5

(2.0–11.8)

  

24

(50.0)

 

8

(16.7)

 

18

(37.5)

 

2

(4.2)

 

 Summer (June–August)

36

(37.5)

8.0

(6.0–11.8)

  

22

(61.1)

 

7

(19.4)

 

20

(55.6)

 

4

(11.1)

 

 Autumn (September–November)

12

(12.5)

11.0

(7.5–13.8)

  

9

(75.0)

 

1

(8.3)

 

8

(66.7)

 

1

(8.3)

 

Skin barrier function of forehead

 SCH||||

62.0

(51.1–70.6)

  

− 0.107

0.299††

62.3

(48.7–71.7)

0.859||

61.5

(39.7–68.5)

0.205||

67.5

(58.2–73.5)

0.056||

51.0

(35.3–69.0)

0.147||

 Sebum

86.3

(55.1–122.3)

  

− 0.058

0.578††

86.5

(58.0–117.0)

0.920||

82.0

(64.5–115.6)

0.727||

91.3

(61.9–118.8)

0.585||

58.0

(46.5–100.0)

0.207||

 Skin pH

4.9

(4.6–5.3)

  

− 0.004

0.969††

4.8

(4.6–5.3)

0.441||

4.9

(4.5–5.3)

0.749||

4.8

(4.6–5.3)

0.454||

4.9

(4.5–5.2)

0.833||

 TEWL¶¶(g/m2 per hour)

10.5

(8.2–13.8)

  

0.244

0.017††

11.1

(8.8–14.6)

0.075||

11.6

(9.2–15.9)

0.131||

11.6

(9.1–15.3)

0.033||

7.8

(7.1–10.1)

0.036||

Albumin density††† (ng/cm2)

2076

(1803–2387)

  

0.265

0.009††

2159

(1859–2545)

0.032||

2083

(1687–2401)

0.735||

2181

(1961–2664)

0.001||

2115

(1717–3097)

0.647||

  1. Significant values are in bold.
  2. †Infant facial skin visual assessment tool (score 0–53), ‡≥ 8 points in case of infant facial skin visual assessment tool, § nterquartile range (25% tile–75% tile), ||Mann–Whitney U test, Chi-square test, ††Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, ‡‡Fisher's exact test,§§Kruskal–Wallis test, ||||Stratum corneum hydration, ¶¶Transepidermal water loss, †††Evaluating by skin blotting methods.
  3. IFSAT infant facial skin visual assessment tool, IQR interquartile range, SCH stratum corneum hydration, TEWL transepidermal water loss.
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