Figure 1

Behavioural paradigms. (a) Phases 1 to 3 in Experiment 1. Participants first encoded face-name pairs. Participants were assigned to one of four phase 2 conditions. The first dimension was either with an explicit recall attempt or without a recall attempt. Second, they were asked to provide either a prospective FOK judgement or a retroactive familiarity judgement. After this, they were allowed to seek a subset of names for cued faces (an information-seeking set-up also used in Experiment 3). This phase was a VPC-inspired set-up, where participants had to directly choose between viewing previously studied and new names. Following this, but not shown in this figure, was the final forced-choice recognition-memory test. (b) In Experiment 2, participants first studied the face-name pairs in 3 study blocks. Next, in phase 2, they provided a judgement for each face that was either: Remember, Familiar or Unfamiliar. To finish the experiment, participants were allowed to seek the name for a maximum of half the faces. They went through each face and either chose to see the name (in which case they were shown the face and name together) or chose not to see the name (progressing to the next trial). (c) Experiment 3, also featured 3 study blocks for phase 1, before a phase 2 that included a typed recall response, where participants were instructed to always enter something, followed by a subjective confidence rating. The experiment finished with an exploration-based phase 3, where they made information-seeking choices in the VPC-style set-up employed in Experiment 1.