Table 5 Comparison of tensile strength of PAAm-MSiO₂ hydrogels prepared by varying the particle sizes of MSiO₂ (117.5 nm, 216.5 nm, and 311.5 nm).

Hydrogel code	Toughness (kJ/m³)*	Tensile strength (kPa)*	Young’s modulus (kPa)	Elongation at break (%)
PAAm (3 M)-MSiO₂ 117.5 nm	409	30.0	0.16	No break
PAAm (3 M)-MSiO₂ 216.5 nm	316	19.0	0.15	No break
PAAm (3 M)-MSiO₂ 311.5 nm	231	11.2	0.11	No break
PAAm (4 M)-MSiO₂ 117.5 nm	594	42.0	0.20	No break
PAAm (4 M)-MSiO₂ 216.5 nm	415	21.0	0.22	No break
PAAm (4 M)-MSiO₂ 311.5 nm	403	20.0	0.17	No break
PAAm (5 M)-MSiO₂ 117.5 nm	296	17.0	0.29	No break
PAAm (5 M)-MSiO₂ 216.5 nm	704	38.0	0.44	No break
PAAm (5 M)-MSiO₂ 311.5 nm	440	21.0	0.25	No break

*Due to the maximum limit of the instruments, the parameter has to be calculated after 24 times of elongation without a break in samples.

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