Table 1 The mean (SD) and mean difference (95% CI) and p values, for body mass (BM), aortic root diameter (ARD), and aortic root diameter scaled to body mass raised to 0.236 for the three species and considering sex.

From: The aorta in humans and African great apes, and cardiac output and metabolic levels in human evolution

 

BM (kg)

ARD (mm)

ARD (mm)/BM0.236

Total sample

 Humans (947)

74.50 (16.79)

31.14 (4.11)

11.30 (1.36)

 Gorillas (60)

148.45 (50.43)

33.25 (5.44)

10.31 (1.32)

 Chimpanzees (96)

61.51 (10.78)

24.71 (2.49)

9.38 (0.99)

 H-G

− 73.94 (− 86.8, − 61.5), p < 0.001

− 2.11 (− 3.57,0.78), p = 0.08

0.99 (0.64, 1.32), p < 0.001

 H-C

12.99 (10.5, 15.4), p < 0.001

6.42 (5.89, 6.95), p < 0.001

1.92 (1.69, 2.15), p < 0.001

G-C

86.93 (74.1, 99.8), p < 0.001

8.53 (7.9, 9.99), p < 0.001

0.93 (0.53, 1.32), p < 0.001

Males

 Humans (417)

81.28 (15.76)

33.51 (3.73)

11.91 (1.27)

 Gorillas (34)

185.70 (31.33)

35.59 (5.63)

10.38 (1.50)

 Chimpanzees (58)

62.21 (8.11)

25.5 (2.22)

9.64 (0.87)

 H − G

− 104.42 (− 115, − 94.2), p < 0.001

− 2.08 (− 3.98,0.223), p = 0.30

1.52 (1.03,2.05), p < 0.001

 H − C

19.06 (16.4, 21.7), p < 0.001

8.01 (7.32, 8.67), p < 0.001

2.27 (2, 2.53), p < 0.001

 G − C

123.49 (113,134), p < 0.001

10.09 (8.14,12), p < 0.001

0.74 (0.18,1.28), p = 0.12

Females

 Humans (530)

69.17 (15.62)

29.28 (3.36)

10.83 (1.24)

 Gorillas (26)

99.73 (18.75)

30.19 (3.28)

10.22 (1.07)

 Chimpanzees (38)

60.52 (13.73)

23.52 (2.42)

9.01 (1.05)

 H − G

− 30.56 (− 38, − 23.5), p < 0.001

− 0.91 (− 2.16, 0.35), p = 0.36

0.61 (0.17, 1.01), p = 0.11

 H − C

8.65 (3.98, 13), p = 0.01

5.75 (4.9, 6.54), p < 0.001

1.82 (1.45, 2.14), p < 0.001

 G − C

39.20 (30.9, 47.5), p < 0.001

6.66 (5.21, 8.09), p < 0.001

1.21 (0.68, 1.72), p < 0.001

  1. BM body mass, ARD aortic root diameter. Sample sizes vary between 1 and 6 cases for different subsamples and variables (see TABLESUPP), maximum sample sizes are shown. Statistical significance of the Games–Howell post hoc tests with Bonferroni-Holm correction (72 tests) are indicated. *P < 0.05. H − G humans minus gorillas, H − C humans minus chimpanzees, G − C gorillas minus chimpanzees.
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