Table 3 Active lipid mediators and the precursor w-3 PUFA in controls and COVID-19 groups.

From: Serum lipid mediator profiles in COVID-19 patients and lung disease severity: a pilot study

 

Control (n = 7)

Mild (n = 8)

Moderate (n = 8)

Severe (n = 8)

P-value

EPA, ng/ml

143.9 (69.6–235.7)

94.1 (70.0–100.4)

65.0 (35.0–78.0)

90.8 (80.0–121.7)

0.146

DHA, ng/ml

74.0 (55.2–94.0)

41.9 (33.6–50.5)

48.2 (35.0–56.6)

44.5 (36.7–54.4)

0.053

DPA, ng/ml

139.7 (97.9–269.0)

144.0 (128.3–161.9)

132.1 (110.0–170.5)

169.3 (103.8–210.0)

0.801

18-HEPE, ng/ml

0.3 (0.3–0.8)

0.4 (0.3–0.4)

0.2 (0.2–0.5)

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

0.109

17-HDHA, ng/ml

1.6 (1.0–1.8)

2.2 (1.5–3.0)

1.6 (1.1–3.5)

4.2 (2.4–5.1)

0.135

14-HDHA, ng/ml

2.4 (1.9–4.1)

3.7 (2.4–8.8)

6.6 (3.1–9.3)

24.7 (5.9–44.0)

0.021

RvE1, pg/ml

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

112.6 (0.0–502.7)

0.007

RvD1, pg/ml

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

1.4 (0.0–5.5)

0.0 (0.0–3.9)

1.0 (0.0–2.6)

0.173

RvD2, pg/ml

4.4 (0.0–10.7)

9.1 (6.5–9.8)

9.1 (6.5–13.8)

5.1 (4.5–5.9)

0.362

RvD3, pg/ml

2.1 (0.8–3.2)

1.5 (0.5–2.1)

0.0 (0.0–0.9)

0.0 (0.0–0.5)

0.053

RvD4, pg/ml

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.5 (0.0–1.1)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–0.2)

0.011

RvD5, pg/ml

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

0.0 (0.0–11.5)

15.0 (7.6–30.1)

24.0 (11.6–35.6)

0.021

MaR1, pg/ml

59.5 (45.7–83.0)

36.7 (28.1–49.2)

40.9 (30.8–63.6)

64.0 (33.9–79.3)

0.416

MaR2, pg/ml

8.1 (5.1–9.3)

5.5 (3.4–7.7)

3.0 (1.9–5.9)

14.5 (13.5–20.5)

0.007

PD1, pg/ml

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

1.2 (0.0–2.1)

0.6 (0.0–1.9)

1.2 (0.0–1.9)

0.124

PDX, pg/ml

19.6 (15.0–28.3)

28.8 (12.5–33.6)

17.2 (4.9–25.3)

9.0 (6.8–44.0)

0.798

LXA4, pg/ml

4.9 (3.1–5.2)

3.5 (0.0–4.7)

3.1 (2.5–5.7)

4.3 (2.2–15.5)

0.803

LXB4, pg/ml

0.0 (0.0–7.5)

2.1 (0.0–4.8)

0.0 (0.0–5.5)

4.7 (0.0–74.1)

0.581

PGE2, pg/ml

103.6 (93.2–114.1)

279.7 (123.5–376.1)

182.8 (158.8–242.3)

226.6 (153.8–383.1)

0.042

PGD2, pg/ml

9.2 (0.0–17.7)

0.0 (0.0–5.8)

3.1 (0.0–6.9)

25.0 (11.7–36.2)

0.030

PGF2α, pg/ml

176.5 (110.5–225.3)

415.0 (159.1–699.7)

241.2 (136.4–329.0)

327.3 (183.4–734.6)

0.453

TXB2, ng/ml

8.0 (6.4–18.1)

30.4 (5.9–74.7)

30.4 (15.8–39.3)

10.2 (6.2–12.5)

0.325

LTB4, pg/ml

110.1 (35.7–177.7)

233.3 (194.6–476.1)

264.9 (131.7–374.9)

248.7 (187.8–848.0)

0.092

  1. Data expressed as median (25th–75th percentile); Statistical analysis by Kruskal–Wallis test, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. When lipids were not detected in samples, an arbitrary value of 0.001 was used for statistical analysis32. Abbreviations: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (HEPE), hydroxy docosahexaenoic acid (HDHA), resolvin (Rv), maresin (MaR), protectin (PD), lipoxin (LX), prostaglandin (PG), tromboxane (TX), and leukotriene (LT).
  2. Significant values are in [bold].
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