Figure 4

Angular movements and joint moments in the sagittal plane during SW. (A) Ranges of angular flexion–extension motion (ROM, mean + SD) of joint angles (hip, knee, ankle) and elevation angles (thigh, shank, foot). Horizontal lines denote significant differences (RM ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD, p < 0.05). (B) Top: trailing limb muscle moments (normalized by body weight) about the hip, knee, and ankle joints in the sagittal plane from representative participants (TD, 11.8 years; HE, 7.9 years; DI, 8.8 years) during swing of the leg (from toe-off to touchdown). Bottom: group averaged (+ SD) bar graphs for trailing limb flexor peak hip, knee, and ankle muscle moments during swing. Horizontal lines denote significant differences (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD, p < 0.05).