Table 4 Compared to exclusive cigarette smokers, the risk of death due to all causes and cancer among men waterpipe tobacco smokers, a dose-respond by smoking years.

From: Novel hazards of waterpipe tobacco and the benefits of stop smoking in men, a prospective cohort study

   

All causes

  

All cancers

 

Smoking years

person-year

Cases

Multivariable adjusted

HR (95%CI) #

P for trend

Cases

Multivariable adjusted

HR (95%CI) &

P for trend

Ever cigarette smoking

36,227

249

1.00

 

86

1.00

 

Less than 11 years

23,466

129

1.36 (1.02, 1.80)

 

38

0.84 (0.52, 1.37)

 

11–20 years

17,092

165

1.77 (1.39, 2.25)

 

64

1.69 (1.14, 2.50)

 

Over 20 years

14,673

312

1.82 (1.45, 2.29)

0.000

92

1.91 (1.27, 2.88)

0.001

  1. Adjusted for age groups (10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, 80 +); Education level (< 6 years, 7 + years, unknown); Available fridge at home (yes/no, unknown); BMI (kg/m2, < 18.5, 18.5- < 23, 23 + , unknown); Alcohol consumption (yes/no, unknown); Family history of cancer; Age at started smoking; Cumulative number of smokes lifetime; Years of quit smoking; Total energy intake (Kcal/day, quintiles); Protein intake (g/day, quintiles); Lipid intake (g/day, quintiles); Carbohydrate intake (g/day, quintiles). # adjusted for “&” and additional health history of hypertension.
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