Table 2 Thermophysical characteristics of the base fluid and nanoparticles53.
Physical properties | Electrical conductivity | Density | Specific heat | Thermal conductivity | Thermal expansion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | 0.05 | \(997\) | \(4179\) | \(0.614\) | \(21\times {10}^{-5}\) |
\(Copper \left({s}_{1}\right)\) | \(5.96\times {10}^{7}\) | \(8933\) | \(385\) | \(400\) | \(1.67\times {10}^{-5}\) |
\(Aluminum oxide \left({s}_{2}\right)\) | \(6.27\times {10}^{-5}\) | \(3970\) | \(765\) | \(40\) | \(0.85\times {10}^{-5}\) |
