Table 1 Energy input required for nebulization.

From: Low energy nebulization preserves integrity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines for respiratory delivery

Technique

Energy input (J/g)

Vibrating mesh, VM1

35 + /− 12

Vibrating mesh, VM2

18 + /− 6

Colliding jet, CJ

22 + /− 8

Nanotech membrane, NM

2 + /− 0.5