Figure 1

Putative biosynthetic pathway of podophyllotoxin (obtained by KEGG, http://www.kegg.jp/kegg/kegg1.html, and Phytozome, https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov, database). The dashed arrow indicates several uncharacterized steps. Enzyme abbreviations are as follows: PAL, Phenylalanine ammonia lyase; C4H, Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase; HCT, Shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase; CCoAOMT, trans-caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase; CCR, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; CAD, Coniferyl-alcohol dehydrogenase; POD, Lactoperoxidase; LAC11, Laccase; PLR, Pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase; SDH, Secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase; OMT1, 5′-desmethyl-yatein O-methyltransferase; 2-ODD, Deoxypodophyllotoxin synthase.