Figure 2 | Scientific Reports

Figure 2

From: The trilemma among CO2 emissions, energy use, and economic growth in Russia

Figure 2

Breitung-Candelon Spectral Granger causality test results. Confidence level on y-axis. Geweke-type conditioning was used. The following relationships are empirically tested: LEU → LCO2E: innovation in energy use causes CO2 emissions. LCO2E → LEU: innovation in CO2 emissions causes energy use. LRGDPPC → LCO2E: innovation in real GDP causes CO2 emissions. LCO2E → LRGDPPC: innovation in CO2 emissions causes real GDP. LRGDPPC → LEU: innovation in real GDP causes energy use. LEU → LRGDPPC: innovation in energy use causes real GDP. Sources: authors’ elaborations in STATA.

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