Table 1 Characteristics of study participants in the 11 studies which were part of the M3 Initiative (n = 12,821) 17.

From: Fetal sex and risk of pregnancy-associated malaria in Plasmodium falciparum-endemic regions: a meta-analysis

 

Benin-Stoppam20

Congo-Landis21

EMEP-MON 22,23

ISTp-Malawi 48

Kenya-Ayisi 25

Kenya-2 26

Malawi-LAIS 29

PNG-IPTp27

PNG-Sek 28

STOPMIP-Kenya30

Burkina Faso 31

Sample size

791

164

471

1618

3388

711

1190

1943

293

1228

1026

Maternal age

26.4 [6.1]

27.5 [5.3]

25.3 [6.4]

22.5 [5.1]

21.7 [4.6]

25.8 [6.7]

25 [6.4]

24.5 [5.5]

25.1 [5.6]

23.4 [5.7]

24.4 [6.2)

Gravidity

 1 (Primigravid)

147 (19.9)

43 (26.2)

94 (20.0)

551 (34.1)

1656 (48.9)

127 (17.9)

267 (22.4)

966 (47.5)

115 (39.2)

411 (33.4)

210 (20.5)

 2 (Secundigravid)

173 (21.9)

22 (13.4)

77 (16.3)

450 (27.8)

748 (22.1)

118 (16.6)

213 (17.9)

494 (24.3)

54 (18.4)

242 (19.7)

216 (21.3)

 3+ (Multigravid)

471 (59.5)

99 (60.4)

300 (63.7)

617 (38.1)

984 (29.0)

466 (65.5)

710 (59.7)

573 (28.2)

124 (42.3)

576 (46.9)

606 (59.1)

Trimester at enrolment*

 1

174 (22.4)

6 (3.7)

69 (14.7)

0 (0)

0 (0)

53 (9.1)

0 (0)

103 (7.9)

2 (0.8)

23 (1.9)

388 (37.9)

 2

616 (77.9)

158 (96.3)

260 (55.4)

1601 (99.0)

0 (0)

326 (56.0)

1190 (100)

1749 (90.1)

212 (84.1)

1011 (84.5)

596 (58.2)

 3

1 (0.1)

0 (0)

140 (29.9)

17 (1.1)

3388 (100)

203 (34.9)

0 (0)

90 (4.6)

38 (15.1)

194 (15.8)

40 (3.9)

Bed net use

 Yes

254 (32.1)

164 (100)

N/A

331 (20.5)

N/A

348 (48.9)

877 (73.7

1798 (92.5)

240 (83.0)

690 (56.1)

N/A

 No

537 (67.9)

0 (0)

N/A

1287 (79.5)

N/A

363 (51.1)

313 (26.3)

145 (7.5)

49 (17.0)

539 (43.9)

N/A

Rural residents

791 (100)

0 (0)

471 (100)

1605 (99.2)

722 (21.3)

711 (100)

1190 (100)

1185 (61)

282 (96.20)

1050 (85.40)

N/A

Chemo-prevention

IPTp-SP

IPTp-SP

IPTp-SP

IPTp-SP, ISTp-DP

–

IPTp-SP

ITp-SP, IPTp-SPAZ

SPCQ, IPTp-SPAZ

SPCQ

IPTp-SP, IPTp-DP, ISTp-DP

IPTp-SP

No of IPTp doses (median)

2

2

N/A

4

N/A

N/A

4

 

N/A

2

2

Female infant

394 (49.1)

85 (51.8)

249 (52.9)

810 (50.1)

1697 (50.1)

358 (50.4)

584 (49.1)

1078 (55.5)

141 (48.1)

605 (49.3)

514 (50.2)

  1. Data are n (%) or mean [SD].
  2. ISTp intermittent screen and treat in pregnancy, IPTp intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy, DP dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, N/A not available, SP sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, SPAZ SP plus azithromycin, SPCQ SP plus chloroquine (single course SP plus CQ at enrolment, followed by weekly CQ).
  3. *Pregnancies were dated by ultrasound or (when ultrasound was not available) symphysis-fundal height. Studies that determined gestational age at first antenatal visit using symphysis-fundal height exclusively include Kenya-Ayisi, Kenya-2 and PNG-Sek.
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