Figure 4

Latitudinal distribution of: (a) shoreline recession/progradation,\(\Delta C_{D}\) for sandy beaches (blue is recession and red is progradation), (b) trend in wave energy flux (\(\Delta C_{g} E\)), (c) trend in significant wave height (\(\Delta H_{s}\)), (d) trend in 95th percentile significant wave height (\(\Delta H_{s}^{95}\)), (e) trend in number of extreme wave events above the 95th percentile (\(\Delta N_{{H_{s}^{95} }}\)), (f) trend in mean wave period (\(\Delta T_{m}\)), (g) trend in mean wave direction (\(\Delta \theta_{m}\)) (clockwise positive), (h) trend in storm surge (\(\Delta \eta^{95}\)) and (i) trend in number of storm surges events (\(\Delta N_{\eta 95}\)) for the west coast of North and South America. Increasing trends shown in red and decreasing trend in blue. Wave parameters are provided from the Liu et al.33 dataset. The insert at the top shows the continents of North and South America highlighting the coastline region considered [Map generated using Matlab Mapping toolbox].