Table 1 Average and 1 standard deviation of annual CO2 emission and uptake with the maximum (Max) and minimum (Min) amounts (Tg CO2 year−1) for each region from 2001 to 2016.

From: Carbon dioxide emissions through land use change, fire, and oxidative peat decomposition in Borneo

Region [Peat area/Total area (Mha)]

Total

LUC

Fire

OPD

Sink

CO2 emissions

Max [Year]

Mineral soil

CO2 emissions

Max [Year]

CO2 emissions

Max [Year]

CO2 emissions

Max [Year]

CO2 sink

Max [Year]

Min [Year]

Peatland

Min [Year]

Min [Year]

Min [Year]

Min [Year]

Borneo

461.10 ± 436.51

1772.30 [2001]

1.46 ± 2.96

695.10 ± 352.25

1932.74 [2001]

216.88 ± 168.14

553.23 [2015]

186.97 ± 7.94

202.35 [2016]

(638.24 ± 44.51)

(696.31) [2016]

[9.78/73.71]

125.71 [2010]

12.93 ± 5.69

444.46 [2014]

39.35 [2010]

174.56 [2001]

(537.97) [2001]

Sabah

54.60 ± 72.19

284.99 [2001]

2.98 ± 5.21

102.59 ± 63.57

313.92 [2001]

6.08 ± 3.88

12.75 [2002]

15.14 ± 0.37

15.69 [2010]

(69.22 ± 9.37)

(80.20) [2014]

[0.68/7.40]

(6.66) [2014]

10.27 ± 2.57

49.96 [2010]

0.99 [2011]

14.3 [2002]

(49.07) [2001]

Sarawak

135.02 ± 99.01

433.08 [2001]

4.29 ± 4.28

211.83 ± 87.70

481.86 [2001]

18.69 ± 7.87

39.22 [2009]

24.66 ± 2.87

27.89 [2016]

(120.16 ± 14.46)

(142.56) [2015]

[1.23/12.38]

(1.79) [2015]

15.42 ± 3.62

100.02 [2015]

6.71 [2003]

19.17 [2001]

(92.97) [2001]

Brunei

(1.25 ± 2.29)

5.93 [2001]

(1.26 ± 1.89)

2.87 ± 1.98

9.31 [2001]

0.22 ± 0.14

0.51 [2003]

0.89 ± 0.03

0.92 [2011]

(5.24 ± 0.38)

(5.83) [2015]

[0.08/0.58]

(3.45) [2016]

(0.14 ± 2.69)

1.19 [2016]

0.01 [2006]

0.83 [2001]

(4.62) [2001]

North Kalimantan

(13.20 ± 20.9)

61.26 [2001]

(1.51 ± 1.45)

33.80 ± 20.37

106.89 [2001]

2.42 ± 1.69

5.58 [2004]

10.34 ± 0.45

11.16 [2016]

(59.76 ± 0.86)

(60.98) [2015]

[0.62/7.01]

(30.54) [2006]

4.70 ± 3.04

18.73 [2006]

0.47 [2011]

9.72 [2002]

(57.25) [2001]

East Kalimantan

43.85 ± 50.68

197.92 [2001]

0.81 ± 1.98

99.54 ± 38.98

236.85 [2001]

20.36 ± 18.42

75.83 [2015]

24.14 ± 0.26

24.72 [2015]

(100.18 ± 8.49)

(111.63) [2016]

[1.08/12.57]

(1.48) [2005]

10.89 ± 4.34

63.51 [2005]

2.98 [2008]

23.79 [2005]

(81.89) [2001]

West Kalimantan

67.90 ± 68.94

271.26 [2001]

0.72 ± 2.38

99.79 ± 58.54

301.95 [2001]

40.68 ±  29.48

91.79 [2006]

36.71 ± 2.87

41.87 [2016]

(109.28 ± 5.29)

(115.94) [2015]

[2.12/14.67]

1.60 [2007]

10.92 ± 4.86

64.05 [2006]

4.47 [2010]

33.31 [2001]

(97.65) [2001]

Central Kalimantan

132.50 ± 143.43

432.39 [2001]

0.99 ± 3.58

119.48 ± 83.92

417.53 [2001]

104.68 ± 105.62

330.43 [2002]

55.51 ± 1.76

60.69 [2016]

(147.17 ± 8.19)

(157.38) [2013]

[3.25/15.36]

(14.93) [2008]

14.96 ± 11.55

63.26 [2014]

0.79 [2010]

53.33 [2002]

(130.29) [2001]

South Kalimantan

41.69 ± 32.81

113.49 [2002]

1.89 ± 3.66

25.21 ± 18.99

70.57 [2002]

24.13 ± 18.6

66.74 [2015]

19.58 ± 0.15

19.78 [2015]

(27.24 ± 2.36)

(30.89) [2016]

[0.72/3.75]

0.52 [2016]

19.65 ± 9.26

9.59 [2008]

0.47 [2010]

19.12 [2001]

(23.26) [2002]

  1. The total net CO2 emissions (Total) were calculated by subtracting the CO2 uptake from biomass growth (Sink) from the sum of the emissions through land use change (LUC), forest and peat fires (Fire), and oxidative peat decomposition (OPD). The total net CO2 emissions per mineral soil and peatland area (Mg CO2 year−1 ha−1) are shown for the total CO2 emission/uptake.
  2. The values in parentheses represent net CO2 uptake.
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