Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression analysis for postoperative delirium in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

From: Intraoperative neurological pupil index and postoperative delirium and neurologic adverse events after cardiac surgery: an observational study

 

Unadjusted model

Adjusted model

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

Intraoperative pupillometry

 NPi ≥ 3.0

Ref

 

Ref

 

 NPi < 3.0

2.653 (1.032–6.817)

0.043

6.078 (1.845–20.025)

0.003

Baseline characteristics

 Age

1.069 (1.016–1.126)

0.011

  

 Male

1.358 (0.553–3.339)

0.505

  

 Body mass index

0.976 (0.859–1.110)

0.716

  

 Hematocrit

0.908 (0.836–0.987)

0.024

  

 STS-PROM

1.410 (1.163–1.710)

 < 0.001

1.566 (1.218–2.013)

 < 0.001

 LV EF

0.960 (0.922–1.001)

0.053

  

Comorbidity

 Hypertension

1.206 (0.493–2.950)

0.682

  

 Diabetes mellitus

1.429 (0.573–3.559)

0.444

  

 Coronary artery disease

2.259 (0.915–5.578)

0.077

6.421 (1.839–22.426)

0.004

 Previous MI or angina

1.361 (0.502–3.684)

0.545

  

 Chronic kidney disease

3.625 (1.279–10.270)

0.015

  

 Preoperative atrial fibrillation

3.379 (1.347–8.477)

0.009

  

 Previous stroke or TIA

2.275 (0.624–8.299)

0.213

  

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2.214 (0.512–9.578)

0.287

  

Preoperative medication

 ACEi or ARB

0.664 (0.266–1.659)

0.381

  

 Beta blocker

0.800 (0.328–1.954)

0.624

  

 Calcium channel blocker

0.471 (0.185–1.200)

0.114

0.257 (0.077–0.857)

0.027

 Diuretics

2.500 (0.980–6.379)

0.055

  

 Statin

0.705 (0.287–1.735)

0.447

  

 Benzodiazepine

3.760 (0.927–15.256)

0.064

  

Intraoperative variables

 Duration of operation

1.006 (1.001–1.011)

0.024

  

 Use of cardiopulmonary bypass

0.960 (0.342–2.694)

0.938

  

 Type of surgery

 

0.895

  

  CABG

Ref

   

  Valve surgery

0.820 (0.306–2.274)

0.699

  

  Aorta surgery

0.208 (0.002–2.040)

0.330

  

  Combined surgery*

0.678 (0.114–2.971)

0.638

  

  Other cardiac surgery†

0.917 (0.151–4.225)

0.919

  

 Redo surgery

2.993 (0.882–10.158)

0.079

  

 Lowest core body temperature

1.035 (0.913–1.173)

0.588

  

 Lowest bispectral index

0.993 (0.961–1.027)

0.689

  

 Moderate desaturation of cerebral oximeter

1.750 (0.662–4.626)

0.259

  

 Severe desaturation of cerebral oximeter

3.393 (0.706–16.305)

0.127

  

 Total amount of infused remifentanil

1.000 (1.000–1.000)

0.807

  

 Intraoperative transfusion

2.824 (1.034–7.710)

0.043

  

Intraoperative use of inotropic or vasoactive agent

 Epinephrine

2.000 (0.560–7.147)

0.286

  

 Norepinephrine

1.429 (0.442–4.619)

0.551

  

 Dobutamine

1.500 (0.544–4.135)

0.433

  

 Nitroglycerin

1.506 (0.603–3.764)

0.381

  

Postoperative use of benzodiazepine

6.382 (1.909–21.334)

0.003

  
  1. ACEi angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, CI confidence interval, EF ejection fraction, LV left ventricle, MI myocardial infarction, NPi neurological pupil index, OR odds ratio, STS-PROM the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality, TIA transient ischemic attack.
  2. *Combined surgery included concomitant valve, aorta, and/or coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
  3. †Other cardiac surgery included repair of atrial septal defect, excision of intracardiac mass, myectomy, and endoventricular circular patch plasty.
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