Table 5 Differential impact of fluoride on the male and female populations reported in the literature all over the world.

From: Fluoride distribution in selected foodstuffs from Nakuru County, Kenya, and the risk factors for its human overexposure

Fluoride adverse health effect

Place of study

Sample size (n)

Female Index (If)

Male index (Im)

Units

Im/If

Literature source

Age bracket (years)

Age category

Dental fluorosis prevalence (< 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with < 1.5 mg/L F water

244

4.58

6.67

%

1.46

62

0–4

Children

Dental fluorosis prevalence (> 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with > 1.5 mg/L F water

315

7.04

7.55

%

1.07

62

0–4

Children

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Ledhupur & Rustampur, Varanasi

218

4.49

4.58

%

1.02

63

1–5

Children

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Nawa tehsil, Nagaur district, Rajasthan (India)

60

90

91.67

%

1.02

64

4–16

Children

Blood serum/plasma F

Balavenkatapuram, Kalyandurg Mandal, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India

10

0.18

0.51

ppm

2.83

65

5–11

Children

Urine F

Ayyagarlapalli, Setturu Mandal, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

10

2.14

3.08

ppm

1.44

65

5–11

Children

Urine F

Kanukuru, Setturu Mandal, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

10

5.12

7.26

ppm

1.42

65

5–11

Children

Urine F

Balavenkatapuram, Kalyandurg Mandal, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India

10

4.12

5.4

ppm

1.31

65

5–11

Children

Blood serum/plasma F

Ayyagarlapalli, Setturu Mandal, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

10

0.36

0.46

ppm

1.28

65

5–11

Children

Dental fluorosis prevalence (< 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with < 1.5 mg/L F water

663

36.76

38.01

%

1.03

62

5–11

Children

Blood serum/plasma F

Kanukuru, Setturu Mandal, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

10

0.64

0.64

ppm

1.00

65

5–11

Children

Dental fluorosis prevalence (> 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with > 1.5 mg/L F water

533

63.94

56.67

%

0.89

62

5–11

Children

Dental fluorosis prevalence (DMFT scores)

Thailand

271

0.2

0.1

DMFT score

0.50

66

5–9

Children

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Libyan Population

6244

62.28

64.27

%

1.03

67

6–60

All

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Rural Area, Tianjin, China

709

46.26

53.74

%

1.16

68

6–13

Children

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Ledhupur & Rustampur, Varanasi

256

37.19

37.1

%

1.00

63

6–10

Children

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Israel-administered Gaza Strip

152

52.6

47.4

%

0.90

69

6–8

Children

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Han, China

182

9.33

10.28

%

1.10

70

8–15

Adolescents

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Tibetan, China

375

52.47

50.23

%

0.96

70

8–15

Adolescents

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Alappuzha district, Kerala, India

1124

39.2

31.3

%

0.80

71

10–17

Adolescents

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Thailand

299

0.8

0.4

DMFT scores

0.50

66

10–14

Adolescents

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Ledhupur & Rustampur, Varanasi

158

53.94

58.86

%

1.09

63

11–15

Adolescents

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Fluorotic rural area, Turkey

293

4.75

8.13

%DMFT scores

1.71

72

12–80

All

Dental fluorosis prevalence (< 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with < 1.5 mg/L F water

744

40.2

48.87

%

1.22

62

12–24

Adolescents

Dental fluorosis prevalence (> 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with > 1.5 mg/L F water

599

71.83

83.74

%

1.17

62

12–24

Adolescents

Blood serum/plasma F

Kanukuru, Setturu Mandal, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

8

0.35

0.39

ppm

1.11

65

12–18

Adolescents

Blood serum/plasma F

Ayyagarlapalli, Setturu Mandal, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

10

0.17

0.18

ppm

1.06

65

12–18

Adolescents

Urine F

Kanukuru, Setturu Mandal, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

8

6.87

7.18

ppm

1.05

65

12–18

Adolescents

Urine F

Ayyagarlapalli, Setturu Mandal, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

10

3.58

2.67

ppm

0.75

65

12–18

Adolescents

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Schools in Southern India

1025

63.6

65.2

%

1.03

73

12–17

Adolescents

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India

775

77

78

%

1.01

74

12

Adolescents

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India

778

76.9

78.8

%

1.02

74

15

Adolescents

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Ledhupur & Rustampur, Varanasi

95

27.41

54.73

%

2.00

63

16–20

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Nawa tehsil, Nagaur district, Rajasthan (India)

28

81.82

95.93

%

1.17

64

17–28

Adults

Urine F

Ayyagarlapalli, Setturu Mandal, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

9

2.13

2.55

ppm

1.20

65

19–35

Adults

Blood serum/plasma F

Ayyagarlapalli, Setturu Mandal, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

9

0.22

0.24

ppm

1.09

65

19–35

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence (DMFT scores)

Thailand

116

1.2

0.8

DMFT scores

0.67

66

20–24

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Ledhupur & Rustampur, Varanasi

91

22.41

42.83

%

1.91

63

21–25

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence (DMFT scores)

Thailand

261

0.9

0.6

DMFT scores

0.67

66

24–34

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence (> 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with > 1.5 mg/L F water

302

60.27

67.3

%

1.12

62

25–44

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence (< 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with < 1.5 mg/L F water

442

40.62

46.77

%

1.15

62

25–44

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence (> 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with > 1.5 mg/L F water

480

64.45

72.32

%

1.12

62

25–34

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence (< 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with < 1.5 mg/L F water

516

42.33

45.37

%

1.07

62

25–34

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Ledhupur & Rustampur, Varanasi

80

16.66

31.25

%

1.88

63

26–30

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Nawa tehsil, Nagaur district, Rajasthan (India)

49

95

96.43

%

1.02

64

29–40

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Ledhupur & Rustampur, Varanasi

299

5.12

16.72

%

3.27

63

31

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Thailand

202

1.5

1.5

DMFT scores

1.00

66

35–44

Adults

Blood serum/plasma F

Xinhuai, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province, China

36

0.073

0.077

mg/L

1.05

75

36–78

Adults

Skeletal fluorosis prevalence

Wamiao, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province, China

132

36.21

27.03

%

0.75

75

36–78

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Nawa tehsil, Nagaur district, Rajasthan (India)

20

94.44

100

 

1.06

64

40 < 

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Thailand

297

8.1

9.2

DMFT scores

1.14

66

45 < 

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence (> 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with > 1.5 mg/L F water

430

56.22

69.01

%

1.23

62

45–64

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence (> 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with < 1.5 mg/L F water

156

27.17

37.5

%

1.38

62

65 < 

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence (> 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with > 1.5 mg/L F water

183

45.74

52.8

%

1.15

62

65 < 

Adults

Dental fluorosis prevalence

Thailand

125

1.1

0.8

DMFT scores

0.73

66

,

Adolescents

Dental fluorosis prevalence (< 1.5 mg/L water F)

Villages in Vadodara district, Gujarat, India, with < 1.5 mg/L F water

487

44.15

45.49

%

1.03

62

 

Adults

Health risk

Vattamalaikarai River basin, South India

118

73

64

%

0.88

76

 

Adults

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