Table 3 Effects of LTP ingestion and physical activity intervention on anthropometry, blood pressure, and dietary habits (n = 78).
Placebo (n = 20) | LTP (n = 20) | Placebo + PA (n = 19) | LTP + PA (n = 19) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight, kg | ||||||
Baseline | 55.6 ± 2.0 | 59.1 ± 1.9 | 59.0 ± 2.5 | 60.0 ± 2.3 | LTP | F = 5.973, P = 0.017, partial η2 = 0.076 |
Post-intervention | 55.2 ± 2.0 | 59.3 ± 1.9 | 58.6 ± 2.5 | 59.9 ± 2.2 | Physical activity intervention | F = 0.234, P = 0.630, partial η2 = 0.003 |
Change | − 0.39 (− 0.69, − 0.10) | 0.15 (− 0.33, 0.62) | − 0.44 (− 0.82, − 0.06) | − 0.09 (− 0.63, 0.44) | Interaction | F = 0.380, P = 0.539, partial η2 = 0.005 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||||
Baseline | 22.1 ± 0.6 | 23.6 ± 0.7 | 23.4 ± 0.8 | 23.1 ± 0.7 | LTP | F = 3.258, P = 0.075, partial η2 = 0.043 |
Post-intervention | 22.0 ± 0.6 | 23.6 ± 0.7 | 23.3 ± 0.8 | 23.0 ± 0.7 | Physical activity intervention | F = 0.717, P = 0.400, partial η2 = 0.010 |
Change | − 0.12 (− 0.23, − 0.002) | 0.07 (− 0.14, 0.27) | − 0.13 (− 0.25, − 0.01) | − 0.08 (− 0.28, 0.12) | Interaction | F = 1.532, P = 0.220, partial η2 = 0.021 |
Body fat, % | ||||||
Baseline | 27.03 ± 1.86 | 28.28 ± 1.61 | 27.48 ± 1.45 | 28.76 ± 1.65 | LTP | F = 4.086, P = 0.047, partial η2 = 0.053 |
Post-intervention | 28.05 ± 1.93 | 29.39 ± 1.65 | 27.90 ± 1.54 | 29.11 ± 1.58 | Physical activity intervention | F = 0.002, P = 0.968, partial η2 = 0.00002 |
Change | 1.02 (0.29, 1.74) | 1.11 (0.52, 1.7) | 0.42 (− 0.12, 0.97) | 0.35 (− 0.53, 1.23) | Interaction | F = 0.060, P = 0.807, partial η2 = 0.001 |
Skeletal muscle mass, kg | ||||||
Baseline | 21.74 ± 0.91 | 22.78 ± 0.77 | 23.13 ± 1.06 | 23.01 ± 0.98 | LTP | F = 2.273, P = 0.136, partial η2 = 0.030 |
Post-intervention | 21.26 ± 0.88 | 22.51 ± 0.78 | 22.85 ± 1.09 | 22.86 ± 0.93 | Physical activity intervention | F = 2.359, P = 0.129, partial η2 = 0.031 |
Change | − 0.49 (− 0.71, − 0.26) | − 0.27 (− 0.42, − 0.11) | − 0.27 (− 0.52, − 0.03) | − 0.15 (− 0.48, 0.19) | Interaction | F = 0.231, P = 0.632, partial η2 = 0.003 |
Skeletal muscle mass index, kg/m2 | ||||||
Baseline | 5.85 ± 0.12 | 6.14 ± 0.16 | 6.19 ± 0.18 | 5.95 ± 0.14 | LTP | F = 1.896, P = 0.173, partial η2 = 0.025 |
Post-intervention | 5.73 ± 0.12 | 6.05 ± 0.16 | 6.10 ± 0.18 | 5.89 ± 0.13 | Physical activity intervention | F = 1.930, P = 0.169, partial η2 = 0.026 |
Change | − 0.12 (− 0.18, − 0.07) | − 0.09 (− 0.14, − 0.04) | − 0.09 (− 0.15, − 0.04) | − 0.05 (− 0.11, 0.005) | Interaction | F = 0.031, P = 0.860, partial η2 = 0.0004 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||||||
Baseline | 120.5 ± 3.7 | 122.4 ± 3.3 | 122.8 ± 3.2 | 128.2 ± 4.9 | LTP | F = 0.0002, P = 0.989, partial η2 = 0.000003 |
Post-intervention | 120.0 ± 3.6 | 120.7 ± 3.1 | 123.7 ± 3.7 | 129.3 ± 4.4 | Physical activity intervention | F = 2.477, P = 0.120, partial η2 = 0.033 |
Change | − 0.54 (− 3.60, 2.52) | − 1.68 (− 4.86, 1.49) | 0.94 (− 2.27, 4.14) | 1.11 (− 3.70, 5.92) | Interaction | F = 0.277, P = 0.601, partial η2 = 0.004 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||||||
Baseline | 73.7 ± 1.7 | 76.6 ± 2.5 | 75.1 ± 1.4 | 77.5 ± 3.3 | LTP | F = 0.096, P = 0.757, partial η2 = 0.001 |
Post-intervention | 74.2 ± 1.7 | 75.3 ± 2.4 | 75.5 ± 1.5 | 78.5 ± 3.3 | Physical activity intervention | F = 1.366, P = 0.246, partial η2 = 0.018 |
Change | 0.55 (− 1.10, 2.19) | − 1.29 (− 3.67, 1.09) | 0.42 (− 1.66, 2.50) | 1.01 (− 1.73, 3.75) | Interaction | F = 1.281, P = 0.261, partial η2 = 0.017 |
Pulse pressure, mmHg | ||||||
Baseline | 46.9 ± 2.7 | 45.9 ± 1.4 | 47.6 ± 2.2 | 50.7 ± 2.4 | LTP | F = 0.046, P = 0.831, partial η2 = 0.001 |
Post-intervention | 45.8 ± 2.7 | 45.5 ± 1.5 | 48.2 ± 2.7 | 50.8 ± 2.1 | Physical activity intervention | F = 1.293, P = 0.259, partial η2 = 0.017 |
Change | − 1.09 (− 3.38, 1.20) | − 0.40 (− 3.12, 2.32) | 0.52 (− 1.68, 2.72) | 0.10 (− 2.80, 3.01) | Interaction | F = 0.071, P = 0.790, partial η2 = 0.001 |
Heart rate, beats/min | ||||||
Baseline | 58.7 ± 1.3 | 59.1 ± 1.2 | 61.1 ± 1.9 | 60.1 ± 2.1 | LTP | F = 0.715, P = 0.401, partial η2 = 0.010 |
Post-intervention | 57.6 ± 1.8 | 59.2 ± 1.4 | 59.0 ± 1.7 | 58.5 ± 2.2 | Physical activity intervention | F = 1.461, P = 0.231, partial η2 = 0.020 |
Change | − 1.14 (− 3.45, 1.17) | 0.09 (− 1.85, 2.02) | − 2.16 (− 4.22, − 0.11) | − 1.64 (− 3.75, 0.46) | Interaction | F = 0.178, P = 0.675, partial η2 = 0.002 |
Total energy, g/day | ||||||
Baseline | 1682 ± 73 | 2018 ± 163 | 2003 ± 156 | 1864 ± 78 | LTP | F = 0.768, P = 0.364, partial η2 = 0.010 |
Post-intervention | 1734 ± 92 | 1961 ± 140 | 1860 ± 151 | 1925 ± 99 | Physical activity intervention | F = 0.020, P = 0.888, partial η2 = 0.0002 |
Change | 52 (− 135, 240) | − 57 (− 235, 120) | − 144 (− 370, 83) | 61 (− 157, 279) | Interaction | F = 0.818, P = 0.369, partial η2 = 0.011 |
Protein intake, g/day | ||||||
Baseline | 68.7 ± 4.2 | 86.5 ± 7.8 | 83.1 ± 7.4 | 75.9 ± 4.1 | LTP | F = 0.003, P = 0.954, partial η2 = 0.00004 |
Post-intervention | 72.7 ± 5.3 | 81.1 ± 7.2 | 77.1 ± 7.3 | 76.1 ± 4.3 | Physical activity intervention | F = 0.163, P = 0.688, partial η2 = 0.002 |
Change | 4.06 (− 5.15, 13.27) | − 5.40 (− 15.02, 4.22) | − 5.96 (− 15.15, 3.22) | 0.20 (− 9.68, 10.08) | Interaction | F = 1.073, P = 0.304, partial η2 = 0.014 |
Protein intake/body weight, g/day kg | ||||||
Baseline | 1.26 ± 0.09 | 1.52 ± 0.16 | 1.45 ± 0.15 | 1.31 ± 0.11 | LTP | F = 0.120, P = 0.730, partial η2 = 0.002 |
Post-intervention | 1.34 ± 0.10 | 1.44 ± 0.17 | 1.35 ± 0.14 | 1.29 ± 0.08 | Physical activity intervention | F = 0.593, P = 0.444, partial η2 = 0.008 |
Change | 0.08 (− 0.11, 0.26) | − 0.08 (− 0.25, 0.09) | − 0.10 (− 0.27, 0.07) | − 0.02 (− 0.19, 0.14) | Interaction | F = 0.999, P = 0.321, partial η2 = 0.013 |
Fat intake, g/day | ||||||
Baseline | 56.3 ± 3.8 | 64.4 ± 4.6 | 62.6 ± 5.5 | 60.1 ± 3.8 | LTP | F = 0.041, P = 0.840, partial η2 = 0.001 |
Post-intervention | 55.5 ± 3.8 | 59.3 ± 3.4 | 58.2 ± 4.6 | 58.3 ± 3.4 | Physical activity intervention | F = 0.017, P = 0.898, partial η2 = 0.0002 |
Change | − 0.77 (− 9.11, 7.58) | − 5.13 (− 13.66, 3.40) | − 4.37 (− 12.09, 3.36) | − 1.80 (− 11.74, 8.15) | Interaction | F = 0.022, P = 0.883, partial η2 = 0.0002 |
Carbohydrate intake, g/day | ||||||
Baseline | 211.3 ± 10.5 | 252.1 ± 25.1 | 253.7 ± 24.9 | 232.5 ± 11.0 | LTP | F = 1.570, P = 0.214, partial η2 = 0.021 |
Post-intervention | 222.9 ± 12.5 | 260.3 ± 22.7 | 231.3 ± 22.7 | 239.0 ± 13.9 | Physical activity intervention | F = 1.424, P = 0.237, partial η2 = 0.019 |
Change | 11.59 (− 15.69, 38.87) | 8.25 (− 12.32, 28.83) | − 22.43 (− 58.97, 14.12) | 6.50 (− 19.4, 32.4) | Interaction | F = 0.368, P = 0.546, partial η2 = 0.005 |
