Table 1 The 15 best combinations of scaling (\(w_u\) and \(w_p\)) and offset parameters (\(b_u\) and \(b_p\)) for \(\alpha =\beta =1\), based on the \({\mathscr {L}}_2\) relative error.

From: Affine transformations accelerate the training of physics-informed neural networks of a one-dimensional consolidation problem

\(w_u\)

\(w_p\)

\(b_u\)

\(b_p\)

\({\mathscr {L}}_2\) rel. err.

max(abs(\(u-\hat{u}\)))

max(abs(\(p-\hat{p}\)))

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}5\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.00\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(2.54\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.34\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}1\)

\(1.11\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(2.27\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.77\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}5\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}5\)

\(1.14\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(2.64\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.76\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}5\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}1\)

\(1.15\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(2.73\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.37\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}5\)

\(1.15\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(4.41\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.57\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1.18\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(2.93\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.50\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1.20\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(5.12\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.55\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1.22\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(5.57\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.47\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}5\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}5\)

\(1.22\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(4.52\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.71\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}1\)

\(1.22\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(3.57\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.29\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1.24\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(2.64\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.60\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.24\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(2.92\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.83\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1.25\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(3.27\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.64\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}1\)

\(1.26\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(7.50\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.39\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}3\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1\textrm{e}{-}1\)

\(1.27\textrm{e}{-}2\)

\(4.92\textrm{e}{-}4\)

\(1.55\textrm{e}{-}3\)

  1. Maximum absolute errors (MAE) for both displacement and pressure are given as well. The maximum values for displacement u and pressure p are \(u_{\text {max}}=0.07969\) and \(p_{\text {max}}=0.048889\) respectively. The analytical reference solution was computed as explained in the “Methods” section.