Table 11 Friedman statistical test ranking using the MAPE.

From: CO2 concentration forecasting in smart cities using a hybrid ARIMA–TFT model on multivariate time series IoT data

Model

Ranking (MAPE)

Hybrid with retraining

1.8

Hybrid without retraining

4.2

TFT with retraining

5.2

TFT without retraining

7.2

ARIMA without retraining

9.1

ARIMA with retraining

9.1

Transformer without retraining

11.0

Theta without retraining

11.5

Theta with retraining

11.5

TCN with retraining

13.8

FFT without retraining

13.9

FFT with retraining

13.9

ES with retraining

15.1

ES without retraining

15.1

TCN without retraining

15.2

LSTM without retraining

15.2

DeepAR with retraining

16.0

LSTM with retraining

16.4

Transformer with retraining

17.2

N-BEATS without retraining

17.6

N-BEATS with retraining

18.4

DeepAR without retraining

20.2

  1. Bold means the lowest error/best performance.